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Biochemistry (III) > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

_____ stores information which is transcribed to make _____.

_____ is then used as a template for translation into a protein.

A

DNA, RNA, RNA.

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2
Q

Adenine and Guanine (Purines) are composed of ____ ring(s).

A

2

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3
Q

Cytosine, Uracil, & Thymine (Pyrimidines - spells CUT) are composed of ____ ring(s).

A

1

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4
Q

These nucleotides, _____ & _______ are used as an energy source for many reactions.

A

ATP & GTP

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5
Q

The Primary Carbon (1’) is linked to a base via a ______ bond.

A

Glycosidic

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6
Q

Carbon 2 (2’) have a hydroxyl group attached in _____ and no oxygen attached in ______.

A

RNA, DNA

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7
Q

Carbon 3 (3’) requires a _______ group in both DNA & RNA so that it may be attached to the 5’ carbon via a _____________ bond.

A

Hydroxyl, phosphodiester

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8
Q

Carbon 5 (5’) is linked to one or more _________ and joined to Carbon____ through a phosphodiester bond.

A

Phosphates, 3

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9
Q

DNA is a polar/non-polar molecule with a free 5’ end with a phosphate/hydroxyl group and a free 3’ end with a phosphate/hydroxyl group attached.

”/” say “or”

A

Polar, Phosphate, Hydroxyl

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10
Q

Nucleotides in DNA are joined by ______ bonds.

Bases are linked by _______ bonds.

A

Phosphodiester, glycosidic

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11
Q

By convention, if no end designation is made, DNA is assumed to be written in the _____prime to _____prime direction.

A

5’ to 3’

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12
Q

DNA structure is complementary and anti parallel which means A always pairs with _____ and G always pairs with _____ (via _____ bonds).

A

T, C, hydrogen

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13
Q

A::T Base Pairing has _____H bonds

A

2

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14
Q

G::C Base Pairing has ___H bonds

A

3

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15
Q

DNA is a twisted double helix and is amphipathic. The Hydrogen-bonded base pairs are _______ and form the “stairs” of the helix. The sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside of the helix and is ________.

A

Hydrophobic, Hydrophilic

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16
Q

Normally, DNA is a _____-handed helix called a Watson-Crick or B-DNA.

A

Right

17
Q

Rarer form of left-handed DNA is called ____-DNA

Function unknown, possibly important for gene expression

A

Z-DNA

18
Q

Denaturation of DNA results in _______-stranded DNA.

A

Single (ssDNA)

19
Q

G::C bonds have ____ hydrogen bonds and therefore have a ________ Tm (Melting Temp).

A

3H bonds, Higher

20
Q

Supercoiling in Prokaryotes and Mitochondrial DNA is accomplished via ______.

(Answer above) is inhibited by __________.

A

DNA Gyrase (Topoisomerase II)

Inhibited by quinolones

21
Q

DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotes associates with histone & non-histone proteins forming __________.

________ are packaged tightly to form _________.

A

Nucleosomes, Nucleosomes, Chromatin

22
Q

Histones are rich in _________ & ________ (+ charged amino acids).

A

Lysine and Arginine

23
Q

Histones are _____ charged and bind strongly to ______ charged DNA.

A

Positively, negatively

24
Q

Two units of each histone:

  1. _____
  2. _____
  3. ______
  4. ________

Aggregate to form the histone ______.

A

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

octamer

25
Q

DNA is wound around the histone octamer to form a _________.

A

Nucleosome

26
Q

A group of free nucleosomes (without H1) is called ____________ and is sensitive to nuclease degradation.

A

“Beads on a string”

27
Q

________: Important for cell division

A

Condensation

28
Q

DNA contains ______

RNA contains ______

A

Deoxyribose

Ribose

29
Q

DNA contains _____, RNA contains _______ (nucleotides)

A

Thymine, Uracil

30
Q

DNA is ____ stranded

RNA is ____ stranded

A

Double, single

31
Q

_______ can base-pair back on itself

A

RNA….example is tRNA

32
Q

Three major types of RNA act in conjunction with proteins to allow the information contained in DNA to be translated into protein…

1____
2____
3____

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

33
Q

Eukaryotic mRNAs contain these special terminal structures:

Prokaryotes do NOT.

A

5’ m7G-cap structure

3’ poly-A tail (50-200 adenine residues)

34
Q

ALL mRNAs contain these 3 regions:

A

5’ untranslated region
3’ untranslated region
Coding region

35
Q

Eukaryotic subunit sizes are:

A

80S, 60S, 40S

36
Q

Prokaryotic ribosome subunit sizes are:

A

70S, 50S, 30S

37
Q

In tRNA, the CCA-3’ terminus functions as ________

A

An amino acid attachment site

38
Q

Which pyrimidine contains a methyl group at C2?

A

Thymine

39
Q

The anti-codon loop determines amino acid specifically by base-pairing with _____ during translation.

A

mRNA

Biochemistry (III) (8 decks)

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