Nucleotide Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Name all of the purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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2
Q

Name all of the Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

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3
Q

These high energy bonds link the 2nd and 3rd phosphate on a nucleoside triphosphate and drive many biochemical reactions

A

Anhydride bonds

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4
Q

Ribose-5 Phosphate is derived from the _______ pathway.

A

HMP Shunt

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5
Q

List the (+) and (-) regulators of PRPP synthetase.

A

(+) Activator = Inorganic Phosphate

(-) Inhibitor = Purine ribonucleotides

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6
Q

PRPP has a pyrophosphate and a nitrogenous base attached at the _______.

A

Primary Carbon(1’)

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7
Q

The rate limiting step in Purine nucleotide synthesis is catalyzed by _______.

A

PRPP Amidotransferase

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8
Q

In Purine nucleotide synthesis, _______, ________, & ________ become part of the nitrogenous base in subsequent steps.

A

Glycine, Aspartate, and glutamine

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9
Q

In Purine nucleotide synthesis, _____ is required for subsequent steps as a carbon donor.

A

Folate

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10
Q

______ is required to make THF, the form in which folate is used.

A

Dihydrofolate reductase

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11
Q

This drug will inhibit PRPP Amidotransferase similar to the inhibition by high levels of downstream products.

A

6-Mercaptopurine (Purine Analog)

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12
Q

_____, a folic acid analog, is a common anti-tumor drug that inhibits _____, ultimately inhibiting nucleotide biosynthesis and rapidly dividing cells (common among anti-tumor drugs). It works especially in ________ cells.

A

Methotrexate, dihydrofolate reductase, mammalian.

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13
Q

Sulfa drugs function as ________.

A

Antibiotics

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14
Q

This family of drugs are:
Structural analogs of PABA

Competitive inhibitors of folic acid production in bacteria

Inhibitors of bacterial purine synthesis

(Think bacteria drugs)

A

Sulfonamides

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15
Q

This is the rate limiting, committed step in pyrimidine synthesis…

A

CPS II - carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

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16
Q

What are the regulators of CPS II?

A

Activated (PRPP)

Inhibited (UTP)

17
Q

In pyrimidine synthesis, where is CPS II located in the cell?

18
Q

Once pyrimidine bases are produced, where are they attached?

19
Q

Ribonucleotides can be converted into deoxyribonucleotides by ___________

A

Ribonucleotide reductase

20
Q

______ is an anti-tumor drug that inhibits Ribonucleotide reductase.

(Also used to treat Sickle Cell Anemia as it promotes HbF synthesis)

A

Hydroxyurea

21
Q

Additional steps to convert dUMP into dTMP use _________.

A

Thymidylate synthase.

22
Q

Thymidylate synthase is inhibited an anti-tumor drug known as….

A

5-fluorouracil (5-FU)

23
Q

Hydroxyurea and 5-FU will affect ______ production, but not _________ production, so are especially good at targeting rapidly dividing cells.

A

1) DNA

2) RNA

24
Q

This class of antibiotic is selective for the prokaryotic version of dihydrofolate reductase.

A

Trimethoprim

25
Humans must acquire _____ in the diet, whereas prokaryotes can synthesize their own. (Hint: the usable form in humans is THF)
Folate
26
Nucleotide Metabolism: This condition results in patients being susceptible to almost any microorganism, requiring living in a sterile environment and is attributed to a deficiency in _________ in ____% of cases
SCID : severe combined immunodeficiency disease (the condition) Adenosine deaminase deficiency 14% of cases
27
In SCID, these 2 cell types of the immune system are majorly affected...
T-cells & B-cells
28
The excretion pathway uses this intermediate ________, and this enzyme_______, which produces Uric acid, which is excreted in the _______.
Xanthine Xanthine oxidase Urine
29
An accumulated amount of nucleotides may indicate a problem with the ______ cycle, which could potentially lead to the development of ______.
Excretion, gout
30
This condition is indicative of elevated levels of Uric Acid in the blood...
Hyperuricemia
31
Gout can be caused by: Underexcretion of _______ (most common) Which can be caused by poor _____ function, _______ imbalance, and certain drugs, etc.
Uric acid Kidney, acid-base
32
In over-producers of uric acid, this drug inhibits xanthine oxidase which produces uric acid.
Allopurinol
33
This deficiency is X-linked and affects the purine salvage pathway. Caused by a defect in HGPRT and deficit of purines.
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
34
Hydroxyurea will inhibit the production of _________ ________.
Ribonucleotide reductase
35
_______will inhibit the conversion of dUMP to dTMP which is used to RNA and DNA.
5-FU (5-fluorouracil)
36
_________ bases are more complex to synthesize and so therefore about ____% of them are salvaged in the salvage pathway and ____% are excreted.
Purine 90% 10%
37
______ _________ , which is responsible for the overproduction of uric acid, is the enzyme effected by allopurinol.
Xanthine oxidase