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Tp2. Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haemology > Regulation Of Calcium And Vitamin D > Flashcards

Regulation Of Calcium And Vitamin D Flashcards

1
Q

What is vitamin d

A

A hormone

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2
Q

What are the hormones involved in the control of blood calcium

A

Vitamin D
PTH
Calcitriol

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3
Q

What is the anatomy of the parathyroid glands

A

Would be 4 Lental size nodes on the thyroid gland
Some people can have up to 6

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4
Q

What is the main function of the PTH

A

Controls the uptake of calcium

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5
Q

What is the role of the kidney in calcium regulation

A

Reabsorption of the calcium
PTH can also act and on kidney and decreased urine loss

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6
Q

What is the role of the gut in the calcium regulation

A

PTH would stimulate the vitamin D
form the D3 (which would be the active form)
Allows the transcellular uptake from the GI tract

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7
Q

What is the role of the bone in the calcium regulation

A

Increased resorption (when would have the low levels of calcium)

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8
Q

What would happen in the hypercalcemia

A

Stones (in the kidney)
Moans (depression and psychiatric issues)
Groans (abdominal issues)

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9
Q

What happens in hypocalcemia

A

Pins and needles
Muscle spasms
Paralysis
Convulsions (that would happen during a seizure)

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10
Q

What is another name for calcitriol

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

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11
Q

What is calcium normal bound to

A

Albumin

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12
Q

What would happen to the levels of albumin during acute illness

A

Albumin would decrease

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13
Q

What are the chef cells

A

Cells within the parathyroid gland that would produce the hormones

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14
Q

What is the function of calcitonin

A

Weak effect
Deposition of the calcium in the bone

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15
Q

What happens to PTH when there would be a low calcium level

A

Increase transcription and gene expression
Increased calcitriol
More ca2+ reabsorption
Increased bone break down
Less bone building,
So would allow the amount of calcium in the body to increase

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16
Q

What happens to the PTH when the levels of calcium would increase

A

Decreased PTH
Decreased calcitriol (less calcium from the gut)
Less reabsorption
Low plasma calcium
Less bone break down
More bone building

17
Q

Why do you need to be careful when taking a calcium sample

A

Would start a clotting cascade
Could then lead to the damage of the blood cells

18
Q

What do you need to take a sample of blood calcium in

A

A plain tube
Not a sodium citrate or an EDTA as this would cause the calcium to chelate

19
Q

What can malignancies do to calcium

A

Can alter the calcium homeostasis
B - BREAST
L - LUNG
T - THYROID
-
K - KIDNEY
P - PROSTATE

20
Q

What is parathyroid hormone - related peptide

A

Hormone that would be secreted by the tumour cells
squamous tumours of the lung Or Head and neck of pancreas
Bind to PTH receptors and mimics PTH
No release of C-1 hyrdroxylase enzyme would normally increase the calcitriol
(1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)

21
Q

What are the sources of vitamin D

A

Sun light (direct)
Oily fish (mackerel)
Fortified Cereals
Fortified mild
Butter and margarine

22
Q

What happens in a mild vitamin D deficiency
25-50 nmol/L

A

Increased PTH (as low vitamin D would have the decrease uptake of the calcium)
High bone Breakdown

23
Q

What would happen in a moderate vitamin D deficiency
12.5 - 25 nmol/L

A

Reduced Bone density
High bine breakdown
Increased risk of hip fracture

24
Q

What would happen in the severe vitamin D deficiency
<12.5 nmol/L

A

Rickets in children
Osteomalacia (rickets in adults)

25
Q

What is ergocalciferol

A

Food source of calcium
D2

26
Q

What is cholecalciferol

A

D3
Calcium that would be produced by the action of the sun on the skin

27
Q

What can cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol form

A

The calcidiol
This would be formed in the hepatocytes

28
Q

Where is calcitriol formed and what would be needed to form it

A

Formed in the kidney
Calcidiol (by PTH) forms the calcitriol (1,25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol)
Would be the active form of calcium (D3)

29
Q

What are the actions of PTH on the bone

A

Stimulates osteoblasts to release cytokines to the surface
cause differentiation and activity in the osteoclasts and stops apoptosis
PTH decreases the activity of the osteoblasts
Mineralised bone
Release of Pi and the Ca2+

30
Q

What is hydroxyapatite

A

Ca2+ and Pi
In the bone
Would be mineralised by the osteoclasts

31
Q

What is the level of fee circulating calcium and bound calcium

A

1.1- 1.3 mmol/L for free and bound

32
Q

What

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33
Q

What

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34
Q

What

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35
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What

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36
Q

What

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37
Q

What

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Tp2. Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haemology (16 decks)

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