Glycogen And Lipid Storgage

Question 1

What is glucogenesis

Answer 1

The production of glycogen from glucose

Question 2

What is gluconeogenesis

Answer 2

The production of new glucose molecules from precursors such as lactate, pyruvate and alanine
Would be when have starvation, fasting or prolonged excersise

Question 3

What enzyme stimulates glycogen synthesis

Answer 3

Glycogen synthase

Question 4

What enzyme would stimulate glycogen degradation

Answer 4

Glycogen phosphorylation

Question 5

Where is glucose mainly stored

Answer 5

The muscle 400g
Th liver 75g

Question 6

What are the steps for the glucose release form the muscles and what is the fate of glucose

Answer 6

Glycogen - g-1-6 (mutase) g-6-p (glycolysis) - glucose for atp and oxygen
Fate: to produce atp energy

Question 7

What are the steps for the release of glucose form the liver and what is the fate of glucose

Answer 7

Glycogen - g-1-p (mutase) g-6-p (glucose-6-phosphatase) glucose
Fate: blood glucose

Question 8

What is hexokinase

Answer 8

A enzyme that would take part in glycolysis
This would then add the phosphate to the glucose

Question 9

What is phosphofructokinase

Answer 9

A enzyme from glycolysis
This would be rate limiting (would the enzyme that would in the lowest amount in the body)

Question 10

What does insulin do to glycogen enzymes

Answer 10

Glycogen synthesis, activates glycogen synthase by dephosphorylating
Glycogen degeneration, deactivates glycogen phosphorylase (dephosphorylation)

Question 11

What does glucagon/adrenaline do to the glycogen enzymes

Answer 11

Activates glycogen phosphorylase by phosphorylation (allowing the glycogen break down to glucose)

Question 12

What is UDP-glucose

Answer 12

A high energy intermediate of glucose in glycolysis
Glycogen synthase would then remove UDP to form the branched glycogen structure

Question 13

What is Von Gierke disease

Answer 13

A glycogen deficiency disease
Would not have the glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme
Would then have the accumulation of the g-6-p and soon the accumulation of glycogen
Enlarged swollen liver, lactic acidosis, hypoglycaemia
Autosomal recessive

Question 14

What steps in glycolysis produce and use atp

Answer 14

1 and 3 would use
7 and 10 would use ATP

Question 15

What are the two important molecules in gluconeogenesis

Answer 15

PEPCK enzyme (converts oxaloacetate to PEP)
Fructose-1,6- bisphosphate

Question 16

How does insulin effect PEPCK and f-1,6bp

Answer 16

Not wanting to produce glucose
Would then decrease the amount of PEPCK and F-1,6BP

Question 17

What would glucagon and cortisol do to the levels of PEPCK and F-1,6BP

Answer 17

Would allow the increased production of the glucose (the hormone that would normally break down the glycogen)
Would increase levels and allow activation of the enzyme

Question 18

How and where are the fatty acids stored

Answer 18

In the adipose tissue
Within the adipocytes
As triacylglycerides

Question 19

What is an adipocyte

Answer 19

A cells of the adipose tissue

Question 20

What enzyme causes the fatty acids to be released for the adipocyte

Answer 20

HSL (hormone sensitivity lipase)
CAMP - protein kinase - HSL stimulated

Question 21

What leads to fatty acid storage and what leaved to fatty acid mobilisation

Answer 21

Storage: insulin
Mobilisation: noradrenaline, adrenaline, cortisol, glucagon

Question 22

What is the mechanism by which fatty acids are metabolised

Answer 22

Beta oxidation
In the mitochondria
Would produce 4 ATP for each cycle
Would use fatty acyl CO A

Question 23

By what mechanism are fatty acids produced

Answer 23

Lipogenesis
Increased by the amount of insulin in the cells (as would allow more glucose to move into the cells)
Needs ATP and NADPH
In the cytoplasm of the liver cells
Made from Acetyl co a - malonyl Co a - complex fatty acids