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Endocrine > Regions of the neck > Flashcards

Regions of the neck Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the borders of the anterior and posterior neck?

A

Anterior: inferior border of mandible down to manubrium

Posterior: superior nuchal line down to C7/T1 disc

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2
Q

What are the four fascial layers of the neck?

A

Superficial fascia

Visceral fascia

Vascular fascia

Vertebral fascia

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3
Q

Give a general description of the fascial layers of the neck?

A

4 longitudinal compartments each contained within layers of cervical fascia

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4
Q

Describe the superificial fascial layer of the neck?

A

Contains a thin sheet of muscle called platysma

Blends with facial muscles and shares their nerve supply

Contains EJV

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5
Q

Describe the superficial veins of the neck?

Include their course and structures that they drain.

A

EJV and AJV

EJV begins at angle of mandible, vertical descent on sternocleidomastoid

Together, drain superifical muscles of neck

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6
Q

What is contained within the visceral fascial layer of the neck?

A

Thyroid, parathyroid and thymus glands

Also relates to trachea and oesophagus

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7
Q

What is contained within the vascular fascial layer?

A

Cartoid sheath and contents

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8
Q

What is contained within the vertebral fascial layer?

A

Cervical vertebrae and postural muscles

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9
Q

Where is the investing fascia located?

What does it contain?

A

Deep to superificial fascia

Surrounds all layers

Splits to enclose sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

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10
Q

Where is the prevertebral fascia loacted?

What does it contain?

A

Cylinder surrounding vertebral compartment

Contains vertebrae and postural muscles

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11
Q

Where is the pretracheal fascia located?

What does it contain?

A

Comprises pretracheal and buccopharyngeal fascia

Preatracheal fascia extends up to hyoid bone

Together surround visceral compartment

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12
Q

What is the significance of the pretracheal fascia connecting to the hyoid bone superiorly?

A

Hyoid bone moves up and down with swallowing > anything within pretracheal fascia will also move up and down with swallowing

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13
Q

What is the significance of the fascial layers of the neck in terms of communication?

A

Spaces between fascial layers can communicate up as well as down to medistinum

Allows unrestricted spread of infection

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14
Q

Describe the contents of the carotid sheath?

A

Common carotid artery/just afetr bifurcation

IJV

CN X

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15
Q

Describe the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

In front of sternocleidomastoid

Below inferior border of mandible

To one side of midline of neck (two anterior triangles: right and left)

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16
Q

Describe the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Behind sternocleidomastoid

In front of trapezius

Above middle third of clavicle

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17
Q

Describe the contents of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Anterior vertebral muscles

Carotid system

Veins of neck

Glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves

Thyroid gland

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18
Q

What do the anterior vertebral muscles consist of?

A

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

19
Q

Describe the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles?

A

Suprahyoid: connect hyoid bone to skull, constitute floor of mouth, elevate hyoid and larynx

Infrahyoid: anchor hyoid bone down to sternum/clavicle/scapula, depress hyoid or larynx

20
Q

In which fascial layer do the anterior verebral muscles lie?

A

Between investing fascia and pretracheal fascia

21
Q

Describe the actions of the anterior vertebral muscles?

A

Steady or move hyoid bone and larynx

Suprahyoid: elevates

Infrahyoid: depresses

22
Q

Describe the innervation of the anterior vertebral muscles?

A

Anterior rami of cervical nerves

23
Q

At which level in the neck does the common carotid artery bifurcate?

A

C3/4 (upper border of thyroid cartilage)

24
Q

Describe the braches of the internal carotid artery in the neck?

A

No branches in neck

25
Q

Describe the branches of the external carotid artery in the neck?

A

Six branches

Three off the front: superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, facial artery

Two off the back: occipital artery, posterior auricular artery

One deep: ascending pharyngeal artery

26
Q

What do each of the branches of the external carotid artery in the neck supply?

A

Superior thyroid artery: turns downards to supply superior thyroid artery from above

Lingual artery: tongue

Facial artery: face

Occipital and posterior auricular arteries: close off vascular supply to face and scalp

Ascending pharyngeal artery: supplies deeper structures associated with pharynx and larynx

27
Q

Which cranial nerves enter the anterior triangle?

A

9-12

Those that exit via jugular and hypoglossal formaminae

28
Q

Describe the pathway of the glossopharyngeal, vagus and spinal accessory nerves into the anterior triangle?

A

CN IX: goes forwards to oropharynx

CN X: goes downwards, descending in carotid sheath

CN XI: goes backwards, through or beneath sternocleidomastoid into posterior triangle

29
Q

Describe the pathway of the hypoglossal nerve in the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Passes forwards between arterial and venous structures

30
Q

Describe the structure and location of the thyroid gland?

A

2 lobes and isthmus, enclosed by pretracheal fascia

Between upper border of thyroid cartilage and 6th tracheal ring

31
Q

Which additional feature of the thyroid gland may be present in some individuals?

A

Pyramidal lobe

In 50% people

Often veers to left

32
Q

Describe the location of the thyroid gland in relation to toher structures in the neck?

A

Deep to strap muscles

Lateral to trachea and oesophagus as it extends

Adjacent to and overlaps carotid sheaths

33
Q

Which nervous strucutre is embedded in the thyroid fascia posteriorly?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

34
Q

How can enlargement of the thyroid gland present if it impinges on other structures?

A

Respiratory obstruction due to compression of trachea

Dysphagia due to compression of oesophagus

Hoarse voice due to compression of recurrent laryngeal nerve

Venous distension due to compression of IJV

35
Q

Describe the blood supply to the thyroid gland?

A

ARTERIES:

Paried superior thyroid (first branch of external carotid)

Paired inferior thyroid (branch of subclavian)

Anastamoses across midline

VEINS:

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid

36
Q

Describe the development of the thyroid gland?

What is the significance of this?

A

Outgrowth from floor of embryonic pharynx

Foramen caecum is origin

Descends ventral to larynx before dividing into two lobes

May end up with aberrant nodules of thyroid tissue anywhere along its descent

37
Q

Describe the contents of the posterior triangle?

A

Deep musclesof neck

Subclavian system

CN XI

Peripheral nerves

38
Q

Where is the beginning of the brachial plexus situated?

A

In floor of posterior triangle, between scalenus median and anterior

39
Q

What does the subclavian system supply?

A

Upper limb

Almost 1/2 brain

Most of spinal cord

Part of thoracic wall

40
Q

What are the main branches of the subclavian artery in the neck?

A

Vertebral (first branch)

Thyrocervical trunk

41
Q

Which important branch does the thyrocervical branch of the subclavian aretry give off?

A

Inferior thyroid artery

42
Q

Describe the pathway of CNXI into the posterior trinagle?

A

Passes into top of anterior triangle from jugular foramen

Turns backwards through sternocleidomastoid and drops onto floor of posterior triangle, crossing it obliquely, then disappears under cover of trapezius

43
Q

Which peripheral nerves run in the posterior triangle of the neck?

Which structures do they relate to?

A

Cervical plexus (under SCM, ventral rami of C1-4)

Phrenic nerve (C3,4,5): descends on scalenus anterior

Superficial (cutaneous) branches to skin: emerge from posterior border of SCM

Endocrine (17 decks)

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