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Regional Gross Anatomy > Region 6 - Forearm and Hand > Flashcards

Region 6 - Forearm and Hand Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general function of muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexion of wrist and digits

Pronation

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2
Q

What is the common flexor origin?

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

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3
Q

What is the innervation to the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Mostly median nerve
Except ulnar nerve to:
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
- Medial 2 parts of flexor digitorum profundus

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4
Q

What is the origin of palmaris longus?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus

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5
Q

What are the insertions of palmaris longus?

A 
Distal half of flexor retinaculum
Palmar fascia (aponeurosis)
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6
Q

What are the functions of palmaris longus?

A

Flexes wrist

Tightens palmar aponeurosis

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7
Q

What is the innervation to palmaris longus?

A

Median nerve (C7+C8)

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8
Q

What are the origins of pronator teres?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Coronoid process of ulna

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9
Q

What is the insertion of the pronator teres?

A

Lateral surface of radius

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10
Q

What are the functions of pronator teres?

A

Pronation

Assists in elbow flexion

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11
Q

What nerve enters the forearm between the two heads of pronator teres?

A

Median nerve

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12
Q

What innervates pronator teres?

A

Median nerve (C6+C7)

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13
Q

What are the origins of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Olecranon and posterior border ulna

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14
Q

What are the insertions of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Base of pisiform
Hamate (hook)
5th metacarpal

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15
Q

What are the functions of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Flexion of wrist

Adduction of wrist

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16
Q

What is the innervation to flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Ulnar nerve (C7+C8)

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17
Q

What is the origin of flexor carpi radialis?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus

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18
Q

What is the insertion of flexor carpi radialis?

A

Base of 2nd metacarpal

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19
Q

What are the functions of flexor carpi radialis?

A

Flexion of wrist

Abduction of wrist

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20
Q

What is the innervation to flexor carpi radialis?

A

Median nerve (C6+C7)

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21
Q

What are the origins of flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Coronoid process of ulna

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22
Q

What is the insertion of flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Lateral aspect of middle phalanges of digits 2-5

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23
Q

What is the function of flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Flexion of MCP and PIP joints

Also assists in wrist flexion

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24
Q

What is the innervation to flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Median nerve (C7-T1)

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25
Q

What are the origins of flexor digitorum profundus?

A

Medial and anterior surfaces of ulna

Interosseous membrane

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26
Q

What are the insertions of flexor digitorum profundus?

A

Palmar aspect of distal phalanges of digits 2-5

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27
Q

What is the function of flexor digitorum profundus?

A

Flexion of MCP, PIP and DIP joints

Also assists in wrist flexion

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28
Q

What is the innervation to flexor digitorum profundus?

A 
Ulnar nerve (C8+T1) to medial 2 parts
Median nerve (C8+T1 - Anterior interosseous nerve) to lateral 2 parts
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29
Q

What are the origins of flexor pollicis longus?

A

Anterior surface of radius

Interosseous membrane

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30
Q

What is the insertion of flexor pollicis longus?

A

Base of distal phalanx of thumb (palmar)

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31
Q

What is the function of flexor pollicis longus?

A

Flexion of MCP and IP joints in thumb

Also assists in wrist flexion

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32
Q

What is the innervation to flexor pollicis longus?

A

Median nerve (C8+T1 - Anterior interosseous)

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33
Q

What is the origin of pronator quadratus?

A

Distal anterior ulna

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34
Q

What is the insertion of pronator quadratus?

A

Distal anterior radius

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35
Q

What are the functions of pronator quadratus?

A

Pronation

Stabilise distal radioulnar joint

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36
Q

What is the innervation to pronator quadratus?

A

Median nerve (C8+T1 - Anterior interosseous)

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37
Q

Where do the ulnar nerve and artery pass in relation to the humerus?

A

Posterior to medial epicondyle

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38
Q

How does the median nerve enter the hand?

A

Through the carpal tunnel

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39
Q

How do the ulnar nerve and artery enter the hand?

A

Above the carpal tunnel

Pass through a groove between pisiform and hook of hamate

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40
Q

What are the branches of the ulnar artery in the hand?

A

Medial digital arteries

Superficial palmar arch

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41
Q

Why is the capitate bone large?

A

Axis for movement

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42
Q

What is the purpose of the hook of the hamate bone?

A

Retinaculum attachment

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43
Q

What type of joint in the wrist?

A

Plane synovial joint

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44
Q

What forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?

A

Flexor retinaculum

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45
Q

What are the medial attachments of the flexor retinaculum?

A

Pisiform

Hook of hamate

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46
Q

What are the lateral attachments of the flexor retinaculum?

A

Tubercle of scaphoid

Ridge on trapezium

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47
Q

A septum from what carpal bone joins the tendon of flexor carpi radialis?

A

Trapezium

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48
Q

What muscle groups attach to the flexor retinaculum?

A

Thenor

Hypothenar

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49
Q

What forms the floor of the carpal tunnel?

A

Wrist bones

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50
Q

What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?

A

Four tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
Four tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor pollicis longus tendon
Median nerve

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51
Q

What structures run superficial to the carpal tunnel?

A

Ulnar artery

Ulnar nerve

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52
Q

What is the origin of anconeus?

A

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

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53
Q

What is the insertion of anconeus?

A

Olecranon of ulna

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54
Q

What is the function of anconeus?

A

Extension of elbow

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55
Q

What is the innervation to anconeus?

A

Radial nerve (C7+C8 [T1])

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56
Q

What is the origin of brachioradialis?

A

Supra-epicondylar ridge of the distal humerus

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57
Q

What is the insertion of brachioradialis?

A

Radius proximal to styloid process

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58
Q

What is the function of brachioradialis?

A

Flexion of forearm (especially when semi-prone)

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59
Q

What is the innervation to brachioradialis?

A

Radial nerve (C5-C7 - Before division into superficial and deep)

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60
Q

What is the common extensor origin?

A

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

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61
Q

What are the general functions of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Extensors of digits and wrist
Abduction of thumb
Supination

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62
Q

What is the innervation to the posterior forearm compartment?

A

Radial nerve

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63
Q

What is the origin of extensor carpi radialis longus?

A

Lateral supra-epicondylar ridge of distal humerus

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64
Q

What is the insertion of extensor carpi radialis longus?

A

Base of 2nd metacarpal

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65
Q

What are the functions of extensor carpi radialis longus?

A

Extension of wrist

Abduction of wrist

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66
Q

What is the innervation to extensor carpi radialis longus?

A

Radial nerve (C6+C7 - Pre-division)

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67
Q

What is the origin of extensor carpi radialis brevis?

A

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

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68
Q

What is the insertion of extensor carpi radialis brevis?

A

(Dorsal aspect) of base of 3rd metacarpal

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69
Q

What are the functions of extensor carpi radialis brevis?

A

Extension of wrist

Abduction of wrist

70
Q

What is the innervation to extensor carpi radialis brevis?

A

Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Posterior interosseous nerve)

71
Q

What is the posterior interosseous nerve?

A

The continuation of the deep (muscular) branch of the radial nerve

72
Q

What are the origins of extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Posterior ulna

73
Q

What is the insertion of extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

Base of 5th metacarpal

74
Q

What are the functions of extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

Extension of wrist

Adduction of wrist

75
Q

What is the innervation to extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Posterior interosseous nerve)

76
Q

What is the origin of extensor digitorum?

A

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

77
Q

What is the insertion of extensor digitorum?

A

Dorsal expansion of digits 2-5

78
Q

What are the functions of extensor digitorum?

A

Extension of MCP (mainly), PIP and DIP joints of digits 2-5

79
Q

What is the innervation to extensor digitorum?

A

Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Posterior interosseous nerve)

80
Q

What are the origins of extensor indices?

A 
Posterior surface (of distal 1/3) of ulna
Interosseous membrane
81
Q

What is the insertion of extensor indices?

A

Dorsal expansion of 2nd digit (index finger)

82
Q

What are the functions of extensor indices?

A

Extension of MCP, PIP and DIP joints in index finger

Extension of wrist

83
Q

What is the innervation to extensor indices?

A

Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Posterior interosseous nerve)

84
Q

What are the origins of extensor pollicis longus?

A 
Posterior surface (of middle 1/3) of ulna
Interosseous membrane
85
Q

What is the insertion of extensor pollicis longus?

A

Base of distal phalanx of thumb

86
Q

What are the functions of extensor pollicis longus?

A

Extension of CMC, MCP and IP joints in thumb

Extension of wrist

87
Q

What is the innervation to extensor pollicis longus?

A

Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Posterior interosseous nerve)

88
Q

What are the origins of extensor pollicis brevis?

A 
Posterior surface (of distal 1/3) of radius
Interosseous membrane
89
Q

What is the insertion of extensor pollicis brevis?

A

Base of proximal phalanx of thumb

90
Q

What are the functions of extensor pollicis brevis?

A

Extension of CMC and MCP joints in thumb

Extension of wrist

91
Q

What is the innervation to extensor pollicis brevis?

A

Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Posterior interosseous nerve)

92
Q

What are the origins of abductor pollicis longus?

A 
Posterior surface (of proximal halves) of radius and ulna
Interosseous membrane
93
Q

What is the insertion of abductor pollicis longus?

A

Base of 1st metacarpal

94
Q

What are the functions of abductor pollicis longus?

A

Abduction of thumb
Extension of thumb at CMC joint
Extension of wrist

95
Q

What is the innervation to abductor pollicis longus?

A

Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Posterior interosseous nerve)

96
Q

What are the origins of supinator?

A

Crest of ulna
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Radial collateral and annular ligaments

97
Q

What is the insertion of supinator?

A

Proximal 1/3 of lateral radius

98
Q

What is the function of supinator?

A

Supination (rotates radius)

99
Q

What is the innervation to supinator?

A

Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Deep branch/Posterior interosseous nerve)

100
Q

What muscles in the anterior forearm does the radial nerve continue inferiorly between after piercing the lateral intermuscular septum?

A

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

101
Q

Where does the radial nerve divide?

A

Anterior to the lateral epicondyle

102
Q

How does the deep branch of the radial nerve reach the posterior forearm?

A

Passes through supinator laminae

103
Q

What is the function of the superficial branch of the radial nerve?

A

Sensory cutaneous to dorsum of hand and fingers

104
Q

Where does the radial artery run in the forearm?

A

Along a line joining the:

  • Midpoint of cubital fossa AND
  • Just medial to radial styloid
105
Q

How does the radial artery enter the hand?

A

Winds around lateral aspect of wrist and crosses the anatomical snuffbox

106
Q

What forms the anterior boundary of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Tendons of:

  • Abductor pollicis longus
  • Extensor pollicis brevis
107
Q

What forms the posterior boundary of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Tendon of extensor pollicis longus

108
Q

What forms the proximal boundary of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Styloid process of radius

109
Q

What forms the floor of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Scaphoid (and trapezium)

110
Q

What vein originates in the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Cephalic vein

111
Q

What is the function of the dorsal expansion?

A

Allows long flexors and short hand muscles to act on all 3 finger joints (MCP, PIP and DIP)

112
Q

What are the contents of the extensor retinaculum from lateral to medial?

A
  • Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
  • Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
  • Extensor pollicis longus
  • Extensor indicis and extensor digitorum
  • Extensor digiti minimi
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
113
Q

What type of joints are the interphalangeal joints?

A

Synovial hunge

114
Q

What type of joints are the MCP joints?

A

Synovial condyloid

115
Q

What type of joint is the CMC joint in the thumb?

A

Synovial saddle

116
Q

What type of joint is the CMC joint in the digits?

A

Synovial plane

117
Q

What type of joints are the intercarpal joints?

A

Synovial plane

118
Q

What are the origins of palmaris brevis?

A

Palmar aponeurosis

Flexor retinaculum

119
Q

What is the insertion of palmaris brevis?

A

Dermis

120
Q

What is the function of palmaris brevis?

A

Aid with palmar grip

121
Q

What is the innervation to palmaris brevis?

A

Ulnar nerve (C8+T1 - Superficial branch)

122
Q

What are the thenar muscles?

A

Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Adductor pollicis

123
Q

What are the origins of abductor pollicis brevis?

A

Scaphoid

Trapezium

124
Q

What is the insertion of abductor pollicis brevis?

A

Base of proximal phalanx of thumb

125
Q

What is the function of abductor pollicis brevis?

A

CMC joint abduction in thumb

126
Q

What is the innervation to abductor pollicis brevis?

A

Median nerve (C8+T1 - Recurrent branch)

127
Q

What are the origins of flexor pollicis brevis?

A

Flexor retinaculum
Capitate
Trapezium

128
Q

What is the insertion of flexor pollicis brevis?

A

Base of proximal phalanx of thumb

129
Q

What is the function of flexor pollicis brevis?

A

CMC joint flexion in thumb

130
Q

What is the innervation to flexor pollicis brevis?

A

Median nerve (C8+T1 - Recurrent) (+/- Ulnar nerve)

131
Q

What is the origin of opponens pollicis?

A

Trapezium

132
Q

What is the insertion of opponens pollicis?

A

1st metacarpal

133
Q

What is the function of opponens pollicis?

A

CMC joint opposition of thumb

134
Q

What is the innervation to opponens pollicis?

A

Median nerve (C8+T1 - Recurrent branch)

135
Q

What are the origins of adductor pollicis?

A

Transverse head from 3rd metacarpal

Oblique head from capitate and 2nd/3rd metacarpals

136
Q

What is the insertion of adductor pollicis?

A

Base of proximal phalanx of thumb

137
Q

What are the functions of adductor pollicis?

A

Thumb CMC adduction

Thumb MCP joint flexion

138
Q

What is the innervation to adductor pollicis?

A

Ulnar nerve (C8+T1 - Deep branch)

139
Q

What is the origin of abductor digiti minimi?

A

Pisiform

140
Q

What are the insertions of abductor digiti minimi?

A

Base of 5th proximal phalanx

Dorsal digital expansion

141
Q

What are the functions of abductor digiti minimi?

A

Abduction and flexion of MCP joint of the little finger

142
Q

What are the origins of flexor digiti minimi?

A

Hamate

Flexor retinaculum

143
Q

What is the insertion of flexor digiti minimi?

A

Base of 5th proximal metacarpal

144
Q

What is the function of flexor digiti minimi?

A

Flexion of MCP joint of little finger

145
Q

What are the origins of opponens digiti minimi?

A

Hamate

Flexor retinaculum

146
Q

What is the insertion of opponens digiti minimi?

A

5th metacarpal

147
Q

What is the function of opponens digiti minimi?

A

Weak opposition of little finger

148
Q

What are the hypothenar muscles?

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi

149
Q

What is the innervation to the hypothenar muscles?

A

Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8+T1)

150
Q

What is the common origin of the lumbrical muscles?

A

Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

151
Q

Which lumbrical muscles are unipennate?

A

1st (index)

2nd (middle)

152
Q

Which lumbrical muscles are bipennate?

A

3rd (ring)

4th (little)

153
Q

Which lumbrical muscles are supplied by the digital branch of the median nerve (C8+T1)?

A

1st and 2nd

154
Q

Which lumbrical muscles are supplies by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8+T1)?

A

3rd and 4th

155
Q

Where do the lumbrical muscles insert?

A

Dorsal digital expansion

156
Q

What are the functions of the lumbrical muscles?

A

MCP joint flexion of digits 2-4

ICP joint extension of digits 2-4

157
Q

Where is the 1st palmar interossei?

A

From 2nd metacarpal to base of 2nd proximal phalanx and dorsal expansion

158
Q

Where is the 2nd palmar interossei?

A

From 4th metacarpal to base of 4th proximal phalanx and dorsal expansion

159
Q

Where is the 3rd palmar interossei?

A

From 5th metacarpal to base of 5th proximal phalanx and dorsal expansion

160
Q

What are the functions of the palmar interossei?

A

Adduction (towards middle finger)
(Flex MCP joints)
(Extend IP joints)

161
Q

What is the innervation to the palmar interossei?

A

Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8+T1)

162
Q

What are the origins of the dorsal interossei?

A

From the sides of the 2 adjacent metacarpals (eg, 4th is from 4th and 5th etc)

163
Q

What are the insertions of the 1st dorsal interossei?

A

2nd proximal phalanx

Digital dorsal expansion

164
Q

What are the insertions of the 2nd and 3rd dorsal interossei?

A

3rd proximal phalanx

Digital dorsal expansion

165
Q

What are the insertions of the 4th dorsal interossei?

A

4th proximal phalanx

Dorsal digital expansion

166
Q

What are the functions of the dorsal interossei?

A

Abduction
(MCP flexion)
(IP extension)

167
Q

What is the innervation to the dorsal interossei?

A

Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8+T1)

168
Q

What artery contributes mostly to the superficial palmar arch?

A

Ulnar

169
Q

What artery contributes mostly to the deep palmar arch?

A

Radial

170
Q

What muscle does the radial artery run between the heads of to anastomose with the ulnar artery?

A

Adductor pollicis

171
Q

What is the principal artery of the thumb and where does it run?

A

Princeps pollicis

Along medial aspect of 1st metacarpal

Regional Gross Anatomy (14 decks)

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