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Regional Gross Anatomy > Region 6 - Forearm and Hand > Flashcards

Region 6 - Forearm and Hand Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general function of muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexion of wrist and digits

Pronation

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2
Q

What is the common flexor origin?

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

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3
Q

What is the innervation to the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Mostly median nerve
Except ulnar nerve to:
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
- Medial 2 parts of flexor digitorum profundus

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4
Q

What is the origin of palmaris longus?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus

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5
Q

What are the insertions of palmaris longus?

A 
Distal half of flexor retinaculum
Palmar fascia (aponeurosis)
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6
Q

What are the functions of palmaris longus?

A

Flexes wrist

Tightens palmar aponeurosis

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7
Q

What is the innervation to palmaris longus?

A

Median nerve (C7+C8)

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8
Q

What are the origins of pronator teres?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Coronoid process of ulna

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9
Q

What is the insertion of the pronator teres?

A

Lateral surface of radius

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10
Q

What are the functions of pronator teres?

A

Pronation

Assists in elbow flexion

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11
Q

What nerve enters the forearm between the two heads of pronator teres?

A

Median nerve

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12
Q

What innervates pronator teres?

A

Median nerve (C6+C7)

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13
Q

What are the origins of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Olecranon and posterior border ulna

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14
Q

What are the insertions of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Base of pisiform
Hamate (hook)
5th metacarpal

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15
Q

What are the functions of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Flexion of wrist

Adduction of wrist

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16
Q

What is the innervation to flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Ulnar nerve (C7+C8)

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17
Q

What is the origin of flexor carpi radialis?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus

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18
Q

What is the insertion of flexor carpi radialis?

A

Base of 2nd metacarpal

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19
Q

What are the functions of flexor carpi radialis?

A

Flexion of wrist

Abduction of wrist

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20
Q

What is the innervation to flexor carpi radialis?

A

Median nerve (C6+C7)

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21
Q

What are the origins of flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Coronoid process of ulna

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22
Q

What is the insertion of flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Lateral aspect of middle phalanges of digits 2-5

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23
Q

What is the function of flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Flexion of MCP and PIP joints

Also assists in wrist flexion

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24
Q

What is the innervation to flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Median nerve (C7-T1)

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25
What are the origins of flexor digitorum profundus?
Medial and anterior surfaces of ulna | Interosseous membrane
26
What are the insertions of flexor digitorum profundus?
Palmar aspect of distal phalanges of digits 2-5
27
What is the function of flexor digitorum profundus?
Flexion of MCP, PIP and DIP joints | Also assists in wrist flexion
28
What is the innervation to flexor digitorum profundus?
``` Ulnar nerve (C8+T1) to medial 2 parts Median nerve (C8+T1 - Anterior interosseous nerve) to lateral 2 parts ```
29
What are the origins of flexor pollicis longus?
Anterior surface of radius | Interosseous membrane
30
What is the insertion of flexor pollicis longus?
Base of distal phalanx of thumb (palmar)
31
What is the function of flexor pollicis longus?
Flexion of MCP and IP joints in thumb | Also assists in wrist flexion
32
What is the innervation to flexor pollicis longus?
Median nerve (C8+T1 - Anterior interosseous)
33
What is the origin of pronator quadratus?
Distal anterior ulna
34
What is the insertion of pronator quadratus?
Distal anterior radius
35
What are the functions of pronator quadratus?
Pronation | Stabilise distal radioulnar joint
36
What is the innervation to pronator quadratus?
Median nerve (C8+T1 - Anterior interosseous)
37
Where do the ulnar nerve and artery pass in relation to the humerus?
Posterior to medial epicondyle
38
How does the median nerve enter the hand?
Through the carpal tunnel
39
How do the ulnar nerve and artery enter the hand?
Above the carpal tunnel | Pass through a groove between pisiform and hook of hamate
40
What are the branches of the ulnar artery in the hand?
Medial digital arteries | Superficial palmar arch
41
Why is the capitate bone large?
Axis for movement
42
What is the purpose of the hook of the hamate bone?
Retinaculum attachment
43
What type of joint in the wrist?
Plane synovial joint
44
What forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?
Flexor retinaculum
45
What are the medial attachments of the flexor retinaculum?
Pisiform | Hook of hamate
46
What are the lateral attachments of the flexor retinaculum?
Tubercle of scaphoid | Ridge on trapezium
47
A septum from what carpal bone joins the tendon of flexor carpi radialis?
Trapezium
48
What muscle groups attach to the flexor retinaculum?
Thenor | Hypothenar
49
What forms the floor of the carpal tunnel?
Wrist bones
50
What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?
Four tendons of flexor digitorum profundus Four tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor pollicis longus tendon Median nerve
51
What structures run superficial to the carpal tunnel?
Ulnar artery | Ulnar nerve
52
What is the origin of anconeus?
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
53
What is the insertion of anconeus?
Olecranon of ulna
54
What is the function of anconeus?
Extension of elbow
55
What is the innervation to anconeus?
Radial nerve (C7+C8 [T1])
56
What is the origin of brachioradialis?
Supra-epicondylar ridge of the distal humerus
57
What is the insertion of brachioradialis?
Radius proximal to styloid process
58
What is the function of brachioradialis?
Flexion of forearm (especially when semi-prone)
59
What is the innervation to brachioradialis?
Radial nerve (C5-C7 - Before division into superficial and deep)
60
What is the common extensor origin?
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
61
What are the general functions of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Extensors of digits and wrist Abduction of thumb Supination
62
What is the innervation to the posterior forearm compartment?
Radial nerve
63
What is the origin of extensor carpi radialis longus?
Lateral supra-epicondylar ridge of distal humerus
64
What is the insertion of extensor carpi radialis longus?
Base of 2nd metacarpal
65
What are the functions of extensor carpi radialis longus?
Extension of wrist | Abduction of wrist
66
What is the innervation to extensor carpi radialis longus?
Radial nerve (C6+C7 - Pre-division)
67
What is the origin of extensor carpi radialis brevis?
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
68
What is the insertion of extensor carpi radialis brevis?
(Dorsal aspect) of base of 3rd metacarpal
69
What are the functions of extensor carpi radialis brevis?
Extension of wrist | Abduction of wrist
70
What is the innervation to extensor carpi radialis brevis?
Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Posterior interosseous nerve)
71
What is the posterior interosseous nerve?
The continuation of the deep (muscular) branch of the radial nerve
72
What are the origins of extensor carpi ulnaris?
Lateral epicondyle of humerus | Posterior ulna
73
What is the insertion of extensor carpi ulnaris?
Base of 5th metacarpal
74
What are the functions of extensor carpi ulnaris?
Extension of wrist | Adduction of wrist
75
What is the innervation to extensor carpi ulnaris?
Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Posterior interosseous nerve)
76
What is the origin of extensor digitorum?
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
77
What is the insertion of extensor digitorum?
Dorsal expansion of digits 2-5
78
What are the functions of extensor digitorum?
Extension of MCP (mainly), PIP and DIP joints of digits 2-5
79
What is the innervation to extensor digitorum?
Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Posterior interosseous nerve)
80
What are the origins of extensor indices?
``` Posterior surface (of distal 1/3) of ulna Interosseous membrane ```
81
What is the insertion of extensor indices?
Dorsal expansion of 2nd digit (index finger)
82
What are the functions of extensor indices?
Extension of MCP, PIP and DIP joints in index finger | Extension of wrist
83
What is the innervation to extensor indices?
Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Posterior interosseous nerve)
84
What are the origins of extensor pollicis longus?
``` Posterior surface (of middle 1/3) of ulna Interosseous membrane ```
85
What is the insertion of extensor pollicis longus?
Base of distal phalanx of thumb
86
What are the functions of extensor pollicis longus?
Extension of CMC, MCP and IP joints in thumb | Extension of wrist
87
What is the innervation to extensor pollicis longus?
Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Posterior interosseous nerve)
88
What are the origins of extensor pollicis brevis?
``` Posterior surface (of distal 1/3) of radius Interosseous membrane ```
89
What is the insertion of extensor pollicis brevis?
Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
90
What are the functions of extensor pollicis brevis?
Extension of CMC and MCP joints in thumb | Extension of wrist
91
What is the innervation to extensor pollicis brevis?
Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Posterior interosseous nerve)
92
What are the origins of abductor pollicis longus?
``` Posterior surface (of proximal halves) of radius and ulna Interosseous membrane ```
93
What is the insertion of abductor pollicis longus?
Base of 1st metacarpal
94
What are the functions of abductor pollicis longus?
Abduction of thumb Extension of thumb at CMC joint Extension of wrist
95
What is the innervation to abductor pollicis longus?
Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Posterior interosseous nerve)
96
What are the origins of supinator?
Crest of ulna Lateral epicondyle of humerus Radial collateral and annular ligaments
97
What is the insertion of supinator?
Proximal 1/3 of lateral radius
98
What is the function of supinator?
Supination (rotates radius)
99
What is the innervation to supinator?
Radial nerve (C7+C8 - Deep branch/Posterior interosseous nerve)
100
What muscles in the anterior forearm does the radial nerve continue inferiorly between after piercing the lateral intermuscular septum?
Brachialis | Brachioradialis
101
Where does the radial nerve divide?
Anterior to the lateral epicondyle
102
How does the deep branch of the radial nerve reach the posterior forearm?
Passes through supinator laminae
103
What is the function of the superficial branch of the radial nerve?
Sensory cutaneous to dorsum of hand and fingers
104
Where does the radial artery run in the forearm?
Along a line joining the: - Midpoint of cubital fossa AND - Just medial to radial styloid
105
How does the radial artery enter the hand?
Winds around lateral aspect of wrist and crosses the anatomical snuffbox
106
What forms the anterior boundary of the anatomical snuffbox?
Tendons of: - Abductor pollicis longus - Extensor pollicis brevis
107
What forms the posterior boundary of the anatomical snuffbox?
Tendon of extensor pollicis longus
108
What forms the proximal boundary of the anatomical snuffbox?
Styloid process of radius
109
What forms the floor of the anatomical snuffbox?
Scaphoid (and trapezium)
110
What vein originates in the anatomical snuffbox?
Cephalic vein
111
What is the function of the dorsal expansion?
Allows long flexors and short hand muscles to act on all 3 finger joints (MCP, PIP and DIP)
112
What are the contents of the extensor retinaculum from lateral to medial?
- Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis - Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis - Extensor pollicis longus - Extensor indicis and extensor digitorum - Extensor digiti minimi - Extensor carpi ulnaris
113
What type of joints are the interphalangeal joints?
Synovial hunge
114
What type of joints are the MCP joints?
Synovial condyloid
115
What type of joint is the CMC joint in the thumb?
Synovial saddle
116
What type of joint is the CMC joint in the digits?
Synovial plane
117
What type of joints are the intercarpal joints?
Synovial plane
118
What are the origins of palmaris brevis?
Palmar aponeurosis | Flexor retinaculum
119
What is the insertion of palmaris brevis?
Dermis
120
What is the function of palmaris brevis?
Aid with palmar grip
121
What is the innervation to palmaris brevis?
Ulnar nerve (C8+T1 - Superficial branch)
122
What are the thenar muscles?
Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis Adductor pollicis
123
What are the origins of abductor pollicis brevis?
Scaphoid | Trapezium
124
What is the insertion of abductor pollicis brevis?
Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
125
What is the function of abductor pollicis brevis?
CMC joint abduction in thumb
126
What is the innervation to abductor pollicis brevis?
Median nerve (C8+T1 - Recurrent branch)
127
What are the origins of flexor pollicis brevis?
Flexor retinaculum Capitate Trapezium
128
What is the insertion of flexor pollicis brevis?
Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
129
What is the function of flexor pollicis brevis?
CMC joint flexion in thumb
130
What is the innervation to flexor pollicis brevis?
Median nerve (C8+T1 - Recurrent) (+/- Ulnar nerve)
131
What is the origin of opponens pollicis?
Trapezium
132
What is the insertion of opponens pollicis?
1st metacarpal
133
What is the function of opponens pollicis?
CMC joint opposition of thumb
134
What is the innervation to opponens pollicis?
Median nerve (C8+T1 - Recurrent branch)
135
What are the origins of adductor pollicis?
Transverse head from 3rd metacarpal | Oblique head from capitate and 2nd/3rd metacarpals
136
What is the insertion of adductor pollicis?
Base of proximal phalanx of thumb
137
What are the functions of adductor pollicis?
Thumb CMC adduction | Thumb MCP joint flexion
138
What is the innervation to adductor pollicis?
Ulnar nerve (C8+T1 - Deep branch)
139
What is the origin of abductor digiti minimi?
Pisiform
140
What are the insertions of abductor digiti minimi?
Base of 5th proximal phalanx | Dorsal digital expansion
141
What are the functions of abductor digiti minimi?
Abduction and flexion of MCP joint of the little finger
142
What are the origins of flexor digiti minimi?
Hamate | Flexor retinaculum
143
What is the insertion of flexor digiti minimi?
Base of 5th proximal metacarpal
144
What is the function of flexor digiti minimi?
Flexion of MCP joint of little finger
145
What are the origins of opponens digiti minimi?
Hamate | Flexor retinaculum
146
What is the insertion of opponens digiti minimi?
5th metacarpal
147
What is the function of opponens digiti minimi?
Weak opposition of little finger
148
What are the hypothenar muscles?
Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Opponens digiti minimi
149
What is the innervation to the hypothenar muscles?
Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8+T1)
150
What is the common origin of the lumbrical muscles?
Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
151
Which lumbrical muscles are unipennate?
1st (index) | 2nd (middle)
152
Which lumbrical muscles are bipennate?
3rd (ring) | 4th (little)
153
Which lumbrical muscles are supplied by the digital branch of the median nerve (C8+T1)?
1st and 2nd
154
Which lumbrical muscles are supplies by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8+T1)?
3rd and 4th
155
Where do the lumbrical muscles insert?
Dorsal digital expansion
156
What are the functions of the lumbrical muscles?
MCP joint flexion of digits 2-4 | ICP joint extension of digits 2-4
157
Where is the 1st palmar interossei?
From 2nd metacarpal to base of 2nd proximal phalanx and dorsal expansion
158
Where is the 2nd palmar interossei?
From 4th metacarpal to base of 4th proximal phalanx and dorsal expansion
159
Where is the 3rd palmar interossei?
From 5th metacarpal to base of 5th proximal phalanx and dorsal expansion
160
What are the functions of the palmar interossei?
Adduction (towards middle finger) (Flex MCP joints) (Extend IP joints)
161
What is the innervation to the palmar interossei?
Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8+T1)
162
What are the origins of the dorsal interossei?
From the sides of the 2 adjacent metacarpals (eg, 4th is from 4th and 5th etc)
163
What are the insertions of the 1st dorsal interossei?
2nd proximal phalanx | Digital dorsal expansion
164
What are the insertions of the 2nd and 3rd dorsal interossei?
3rd proximal phalanx | Digital dorsal expansion
165
What are the insertions of the 4th dorsal interossei?
4th proximal phalanx | Dorsal digital expansion
166
What are the functions of the dorsal interossei?
Abduction (MCP flexion) (IP extension)
167
What is the innervation to the dorsal interossei?
Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8+T1)
168
What artery contributes mostly to the superficial palmar arch?
Ulnar
169
What artery contributes mostly to the deep palmar arch?
Radial
170
What muscle does the radial artery run between the heads of to anastomose with the ulnar artery?
Adductor pollicis
171
What is the principal artery of the thumb and where does it run?
Princeps pollicis | Along medial aspect of 1st metacarpal

Regional Gross Anatomy (14 decks)

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