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Regional Gross Anatomy > Region 12 - Head > Flashcards

Region 12 - Head Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

Pre-central gyrus of the dorsal frontal lobe

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2
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

A

Post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe

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3
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

Frontal lobe superior to ventral lateral fissure

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4
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Production of speech

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5
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

Posterosuperior temporal lobe:

- Posterior superior temporal gyrus

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6
Q

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Comprehending speech

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7
Q

Where is the visual cortex?

A

Posterior pole of occipital lobe

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8
Q

Where is the auditory cortex?

A

Superior aspect of each temporal lobe

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9
Q

What does the lateral fissure contain?

A

Middle cerebral artery

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10
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure contain?

A

Anterior cerebral arteries

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11
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

White matter tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

Where do the association tracts of the corpus callosum run between?

A

Gyri of the same hemisphere

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13
Q

Where do the commissural fibres/tracts of the corpus callosum run between?

A

From one region of a hemisphere to the contralateral corresponding region

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14
Q

Where do the projection fibres of the corpus callosum run between?

A

From cerebrum to:

  • Thalamus
  • Brainstem
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15
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A 
Regulates initiation and termination of body movements
Involved with (via limbic system):
- Memory
- Planning
- Emotional response
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16
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus?

A

Globus pallidus plus Putamen

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17
Q

Where is the substantia nigra?

A

Midbrain

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18
Q

What does the substantia nigra communicate with?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

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19
Q

What do the subthalamic nuclei communicate with?

A

Globus pallidus

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20
Q

What is the thalamus a station for?

A

A major sensory relay station

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21
Q

What structures communicate with the cerebral hemispheres via the thalamus?

A

Spinal cord
Brainstem
Midbrain

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22
Q

What else does the thalamus connect to (aside from cerebral hemispheres)?

A

Hypothalamus

Limbic system

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23
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A 
Regulates ANS
Homeostasis:
- Thirst
- Temperature
Hormone production
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24
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

A 
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Somatostation
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormon
Dopamine
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25
Q

What does the hypothalamus have connections with?

A

Pituitary gland

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26
Q

What does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin:

- Circadian rhythm

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27
Q

What are the parts of the epithalamus?

A

Pineal gland
Habenular nucleus:
- Olfaction
- Emotional response

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28
Q

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland

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29
Q

What cranial nerves originate from the midbrain?

A

III

IV

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30
Q

What does the midbrain connect?

A

Pons and medulla to diencephalon

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31
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculus of the midbrain?

A

Visual tracking

Scanning

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32
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculus of the midbrain?

A

Auditory startle reflex

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33
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra of the midbrain?

A

Controls subconscious muscle action

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34
Q

What is the function of the red nuclei of the midbrain?

A

Coordinate muscle movement

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35
Q

What are the functions of the pons?

A 
Pontine nuclei:
- Coordination
- Maximise voluntary motor output
Pneumotaxic tract:
- Controls breathing
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36
Q

What cranial nerves originate from the pons?

A

V
VI
VII
VIIIv

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37
Q

What are the pyramids of the medulla?

A

The motor tracts of the medulla:

- Lie medially

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38
Q

What are the functions of the medulla?

A 
Cardiovascular centres:
- Rate and force of heartbeat
- Vessel diameter
Breathing centres
Nuclei concerned with:
- Touch
- Pressure
- Vibration
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39
Q

What are the olives of the medulla?

A

Deal with proprioception:

- Lie laterally

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40
Q

What cranial nerves originate from the medulla?

A 
VIIIc
IX
X
XI
XII
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41
Q

What structure of the cerebellum lies between its two hemispheres?

A

Vermis

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42
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A 
Controls subconscious aspects of skeletal muscle movement
Coordinates complex sequences
Regulates:
- Posture
- Balance
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43
Q

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle connect the cerebellum to?

A

Midbrain

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44
Q

What does the middle cerebellar peduncle connect the cerebellum to?

A

Pons

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45
Q

What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle connect the cerebellum to?

A

Medulla

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46
Q

What are the folds in the cerebellum called?

A

Folia

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47
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found?

A

In pituitary fossa:

- Sella turcica

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48
Q

What is the pituitary gland covered by?

A

Diaphragma sellae

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49
Q

What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland?

A 
Growth hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone
Prolactin
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50
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone

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51
Q

What do the anterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

Frontal lobe

Parietal lobes

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52
Q

What do the middle cerebral arteries supply?

A

Temporal lobes

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53
Q

What do the posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

Occipital lobe

Base of brain

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54
Q

What are the branches of the basilar artery?

A

Cerebellar arteries
Pontine arteries
Medullary arteries

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55
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries arise?

A

Subclavian arteries

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56
Q

What are the functions of the dura mater?

A

Lines skull
Protects brain
Forms dural venous sinuses

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57
Q

What are the functions of the arachnoid mater?

A

Covers surface of brain

Carries blood vessels

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58
Q

Where does the pia mater lie?

A

Adheres to surface of brain:

  • Goes into sulci
  • Goes around gyri
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59
Q

What structures does the dura mater form?

A

Falx cerebri (between cerebral hemispheres)
Falx cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae

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60
Q

Where does the anterior meningeal artery arise from?

A

Ethmoid branches of ICA

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61
Q

What does the anterior meningeal artery supply?

A

Dura of anterior fossa

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62
Q

From what artery does the middle meningeal artery arise?

A

Maxillary artery

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63
Q

How does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull?

A

Foramen spinosum

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64
Q

Trauma to what region can damage the middle meningeal artery? What can this result in?

A

Pterion
Results in:
- Extradural haemorrhage
- Compression of brain

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65
Q

From what artery does the posterior meningeal artery arise?

A

Occipital artery

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66
Q

What does the posterior meningeal artery supply?

A

Dura of posterior fossa

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67
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior falx cerebri?

A

Anterior meningeal branches of ethmoidal nerve (CN V1)

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68
Q

What nerves supply the dura of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Anterior meningeal branches of ethmoid nerve (CN V1)
Meningeal branch of CN V2
Meningeal branches of CN V3

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69
Q

What nerves supply the dura of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Meningeal branch of CN V2

Meningeal branches of CN V3

70
Q

From what nerve does the tentorial nerve arise?

A

Meningeal branch of CN V1

71
Q

What does the tentorial nerve supply?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

Posterior falx cerebri (roof of posterior cranial fossa)

72
Q

What nerves supply the floor of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

C2 and C3 fibres

73
Q

What veins drain into the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Superior cerebral veins

74
Q

What veins drain into the straight sinus?

A

Inferior sagittal sinus

Great cerebral vein

75
Q

What forms the great cerebral vein?

A

Internal cerebral veins

76
Q

What veins meet at the confluence of sinuses?

A

Superior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Occipital sinus

77
Q

What is the route of drainage from the confluence of sinuses?

A

Drains to transverse sinus
Transverse sinus drains to sigmoid sinus
Sigmoid sinus drains to IJVs

78
Q

Between what do the dural venous sinuses form?

A 
Periosteum and dura eg:
- Sigmoid sinus
- Superior sagittal sinus
OR
Between 2 layers of dura eg:
- Inferior sagittal sinus
79
Q

How can the emissary veins of the scalp be a potential route for infection?

A

Drain to superior sagittal sinus

80
Q

How can the facial and infra-orbital veins be a potential route for infection?

A

Drain to cavernous sinus

81
Q

Where do the lateral ventricles lie?

A

In each cerebral hemisphere

82
Q

Where does the cerebral aqueduct run? What does it connect?

A

Through midbrain

Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

83
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle?

A

Inside thalamus

84
Q

What connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramina of Monro

85
Q

How does the 4th ventricle connect to the subarachnoid space?

A 
Lateral apertures:
- x2
- aka Foramina of Luschka
Median aperture:
- aka Foramen of Magendie
86
Q

Aside from the subarachnoid space, what else is the 4th ventricle connected to?

A

Central canal of spinal cord

87
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Provides mechanical and physical protection to brain and spinal cord

88
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

In choroid plexuses of all ventricles:

- Mostly in roof of lateral ventricles

89
Q

How is CSF recycled?

A

Reabsorbed through subarachnoid granulations and villi into dural venous sinuses

90
Q

What bones form the anterior cranial fossa?

A 
Frontal bone (anteriorly)
Ethmoid bone (middle)
Sphenoid bone (posteriorly):
- Body
- Lesser wings
91
Q

What structure extends superiorly from the ethmoid bone? What structures lie either side of it?

A

Crista galli
Cribiform plates of ethmoid lie on either side:
- Foramina transmit CN I

92
Q

What parts of the sphenoid bone contribute to the middle cranial fossa?

A

Sella turcica of body of sphenoid (centrally)
Depressed lateral parts of body
Greater wings (laterally)

93
Q

What parts of the temporal bone contribute to the middle cranial fossa?

A 
Squamous part (laterally)
Petrous part (posteriorly)
94
Q

What foramina are found in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum

95
Q

In what bone are the foramina of the middle cranial fossa found?

A

Cerebral surfaces of the greater wing of sphenoid

96
Q

What structures does the superior orbital fissure transmit?

A

Cranial nerves III, IV, V1 and VI
Ophthalmic veins
SNS fibres from cavernous plexus

97
Q

What structure does the foramen rotundum transmit?

A

CN V2

98
Q

What structures does the foramen ovale transmit?

A 
Otic ganglion
CN V3
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve (PNS from CN IX)
Emissary veins
99
Q

What structures does the foramen spinosum transmit?

A

Middle meningeal artery and vein

Meningeal branch of CN V3

100
Q

Where does the foramen lacerum lie?

A

Posterolateral to the sella turcica

101
Q

What does the foramen lacerum transmit?

A

Deep petrosal nerve (SNS from internal carotid plexus)
Emissary veins
Some meningeal artery branches

102
Q

What cranial fossa does the optic canal lie in?

A

Can be considered a part of the anterior or middle cranial fossa

103
Q

What does the optic canal transmit?

A

CN II

Ophthalmic artery

104
Q

How does the ICA enter the skull?

A

Passes through carotid canal

Enters middle cranial fossa at superior aspect of foramen lacerum

105
Q

What bones form the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Occipital bone
Temporal bone:
- Petrous part (anterolaterally)

106
Q

What foramina lie in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Foramen magnum
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal

107
Q

What structures does the foramen magnum transmit?

A

Medulla and meninges
Vertebral and spinal arteries
CN XI
Dural veins

108
Q

What structures does the jugular foramen transmit?

A

Cranial nerves IX, X and XI

IJV

109
Q

What structure does the hypoglossal canal transmit?

A

CN XII

110
Q

Grooves for what structures lie on each side of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Transverse sinus

Sigmoid sinus

111
Q

Where does the internal acoustic meatus lie?

A

Anterosuperior to the jugular foramen

112
Q

What structures does the internal acoustic meatus transmit?

A 
Cranial nerves VII and VIII
Labyrinthine artery (from AICA)
113
Q

What are the olfactory nerves essentially?

A

Outgrowths of telencephalon

114
Q

What is the course of the olfactory nerves?

A

Nerves from olfactory mucosa travel through cribiform plate to olfactory bulb
Olfactory tracts from olfactory bulb travel to prepiriform area of amygdala:
- Primary olfactory cortex

115
Q

What are the optic nerves an extension of?

A

Diencephalon

116
Q

What is the course of the optic nerve?

A

Retina -> Optic canal -> Optic chiasm -> Optic tracts

117
Q

Where do 90% of the fibres from the optic nerve travel to?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

Then to striate area of visual cortex

118
Q

Where do the remaining 10% of the fibres from the optic nerve travel to?

A

Along medial root (non-geniculate):

- Unconscious regulation

119
Q

Where does the oculomotor nerve originate from?

A

Midbrain

120
Q

How does the oculomotor nerve travel to the orbit?

A

Runs in lateral wall of cavernous venous sinus
Traverses superior orbital fissure
Travels through annulus of Zinn (annular ring)

121
Q

What is the annular ring?

A

Tendinous ring

Origin of the 4 extraocular recti muscles

122
Q

What nerves travel through the annular ring?

A 
Superior and inferior divisions of CN III
Nasociliary nerve (CN V1)
Abducent nerve (CN IV)
123
Q

What muscles does the oculomotor nerve supply?

A 
Via superior division:
- Superior rectus
- Levator palpebrae
Via inferior division:
- Inferior oblique
- Medial rectus
- Inferior rectus
124
Q

What structures does CN III give PNS supply to?

A 
Sphincter pupillae (constriction)
Ciliary muscle
125
Q

From where does the trochlear nerve originate?

A

Posterior midbrain

126
Q

What does the origin of CN IV infer for the nerve?

A

Longest intracranial route of any cranial nerve

127
Q

What is the course of CN IV?

A

Runs in lateral wall of cavernous dural venous sinus
Enters orbit via superior orbital fissure
Lies outside of annular ring

128
Q

What is CN IV the only cranial nerve to do?

A

All fibres cross-over to contralateral side

129
Q

What is the function of CN IV?

A

Motor fibres to superior oblique

130
Q

From where does CN V originate?

A

Pons

131
Q

What is the course of CN V1?

A

Runs in lateral wall of cavernous dural venous sinus

Enters orbit via superior orbital fissure

132
Q

What are the branches of CN V1?

A

Frontal nerve
Lacrimal nerve
Nasociliary nerve

133
Q

What structures does CN V1 give sensory supply to?

A 
Eye (afferent limb of corneal blink reflex)
Lacrimal gland
Eyebrow and upper lid
Skin of forehead
Skin of dorsal nose (bridge)
Anterosuperior nasal cavity
134
Q

What is the course of CN V2?

A

Runs in lateral wall of cavernous dural venous sinus

Enters pterygopalatine fossa via foramen rotundum

135
Q

What structures does CN V2 give sensory supply to?

A 
Skin of cheek
Lower lid
Upper jaw and teeth
Side of nose
Mucosa of mouth
136
Q

What is the course of CN V3?

A

Travels through foramen ovale

Runs along inferior surface of base of skull

137
Q

What structures does CN V3 give sensory supply to?

A

External auditory canal
Parotid gland
Lower jaw and teeth
Anterior 2/3 of tongue and floor of mouth

138
Q

What structures does CN V3 give motor supply to?

A 
Muscles of mastication
Anterior belly of digastric
Mylohyoid
Tensor tympani
Veli tensor palatini
139
Q

What fibres, from what cranial nerve, does the lacrimal nerve from CN V1 carry?

A

PNS fibres from CN VII to lacrimal gland

140
Q

What fibres, from what cranial nerve, does the zygomatic nerve from CN V2 carry?

A

PNS fibres from CN VII to lacrimal nerve

141
Q

What fibres, from what cranial nerve, does the auriculotemporal nerve from CN V3 carry?

A

PNS fibres from CN IX from tympanic nerve to parotid gland

142
Q

What fibres, from what cranial nerve, does the lingual nerve from CN V3 carry?

A

PNS fibres from CN VII from chorda tympani

143
Q

Where does CN VI originate?

A

Pons

144
Q

What is the course of CN VI?

A

Passes through cavernous dural venous sinus (with ICA)
Traverses superior orbital fissure
Travels through annular ring

145
Q

What is the function of CN VI?

A

Motor to lateral rectus

146
Q

How can the course of CN VI be described?

A

Longest intradural course of any cranial nerve

147
Q

Where does CN VII originate?

A

Caudal pons

148
Q

How does CN VII enter the temporal bone? How does the nerve travel through the temporal bone?

A

Enters internal acoustic meatus to run through facial canal

149
Q

What fibres does the greater petrosal nerve from CN VII contain?

A

PNS

150
Q

What does the greater petrosal nerve join and what does it form?

A

Joins deep petrosal nerve

Forms nerve of pterygoid canal

151
Q

What are the functions of the nerve of pterygoid canal?

A

ANS supply to:

  • LAcrimal gland
  • Palatine glands
  • Nasal glands
152
Q

What 3 branches of CN VII arise in the facial canal?

A

Greater petroal nerve
Nerve to stapedius
Chorda tympani

153
Q

How does CN VII leave the temporal bone?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

154
Q

Where does CN VIII originate?

A

Pontomedullary junction

155
Q

What are the vestibular projections of CN VIII?

A

Cerebellum
Cranial nerves III, IV and VI
Spinal tracts

156
Q

What are the cochlear projections of CN VIII?

A

Inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus:
- Then to auditory cortex (Brodmann area 41 in temporal lobe)

157
Q

Where does CN IX originate?

A

Lateral aspect of medulla

158
Q

How does CN IX leave the cranium?

A

Anterior aspect of jugular foramen

159
Q

What structures does CN IX give PNS supply to?

A

Parotid galnd
Buccal glands
Labial glands

160
Q

What special sensory fibres does CN IX transmit?

A

Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue

161
Q

What is the motor distribution of CN IX?

A

Stylopharyngeus

Also pharyngeal plexus

162
Q

What structures does CN IX give sensory supply to?

A 
Posterior 1/3 tongue
Soft palate
Pharynx
Tympanic cavity and membrane
Phayngotympanic tube
Pinna
External auditory meatus
163
Q

What reflex is CN IX the afferent limb of?

A

Gag reflex (via sensations from soft palate and pharynx)

164
Q

Where does the carotid sinus nerve branch of CN IX travel to?

A 
Carotid sinus (baroreceptor)
Carotid body (chemoreceptor)
Both as base of ICA
165
Q

Where does the vagus nerve arise?

A

Series of rootlets from the lateral aspect of the medulla

166
Q

What is the motor distribution of CN X?

A 
Soft palate
Pharynx
Intrinsic pharyngeal muscles
Palatoglossus
(Pharyngeal plexus)
167
Q

What is the sensory distribution of CN X?

A 
Dura (posterior cranial fossa)
EAM
Lower pharynx
Laryngeal mucosa
Thoracic and abdominal viscera
168
Q

What is the course of the spinal accessory nerve?

A

Originates from spinal cord
Ascends through foramen magnum
Joins its ‘cranial root’
Leaves through jugular foramen

169
Q

What is the cranial root of CN XI now considered?

A

Another root of CN X

170
Q

What is the function of CN XI?

A

Motor supply to:

  • SCM
  • Trapezius
171
Q

What is the course of CN XII?

A

Originates from medulla anterior to olive
Passes through hypoglossal canal
Enters root of tongue above hyoid

172
Q

What is the motor distribution of CN XII?

A

All intrinsic tongue muscles
Styloglossus
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus

Regional Gross Anatomy (14 decks)

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