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Regional Gross Anatomy > Region 4 - Back > Flashcards

Region 4 - Back Flashcards

1
Q

What are the vertebral notches?

A

Indentations superior and inferior to each pedicle

Form the IV foraminae

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2
Q

What does the superior vertebral notch on C1 form?

A

A groove for the vertebral artery

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3
Q

In the atlas, what separates the vertebral foramen and the foramen for the dens?

A

Transverse ligament of the atlas

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4
Q

What structures of C1 support a superior and inferior articular surface on each side?

A

Lateral masses

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5
Q

What are the bony prominences on the anterior and posterior arches of C1?

A

Anterior and posterior tubercles

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6
Q

What do the superior articular surfaces of C1 articulate with?

A

Occipital condyles

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the grooves on the dens of C2?

A

Attachments of alar ligaments

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the posterior articular facet at the base of the dens?

A

Attachment of the transverse ligament of the atlas

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9
Q

What do the anterior and posterior tubercles on the transverse processes of C3-C7 do?

A

Create a groove between them for spinal nerves

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10
Q

What are the projections on the lateral aspects of the bodies of C3-C7 called?

A

Uncinate processes

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11
Q

How are the articular facets of thoracic vertebrae orientated?

A

Nearly vertically
Superior facets face posteriorly
Inferior facets face anteriorly

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12
Q

What does the orientation of the articular facets of thoracic vertebrae allow?

A

Some rotation

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13
Q

How can the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae be described?

A

Long and sloping

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14
Q

What shape do the bodies of lumbar vertebrae have?

A

Kidney-shaped

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15
Q

What additional processes are present on each transverse process of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Accessory process

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16
Q

What additional processes are present on each superior articular process of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Mammillary process

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17
Q

What is the function of the additional processes on the transverse and superior articular processes of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Muscle attachment

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18
Q

How are the articular facets of lumbar vertebrae orientated?

A

Superior facets face posteromedially

Inferior facets face anterolaterally

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19
Q

How does the orientation of the articular facets of lumbar vertebrae affect movement in this region?

A

They grip each other to allow flexion-extension without much rotation

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20
Q

Where is the base of the sacrum?

A

The most superior part

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21
Q

What is the name given to the inwardly projecting, anterior part of the body of S1?

A

Sacral promontory

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22
Q

What names are given to the sacral equivalents of the IV foraminae?

A

Anterior and posterior sacral foraminae

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23
Q

What do the spinous processes of sacral vertebrae form?

A

Median crest

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24
Q

What do the articular processes of sacral vertebrae form?

A

Intermediate crest

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25
Q

What do the transverse processes of sacral vertebrae form?

A

Lateral crest

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26
Q

What feature of the coccyx allows articulation with the sacrum?

A

Coccygeal cornu

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27
Q

Why do IV discs not ossify?

A

They are secondary cartilaginous joint (symphyses)

Hyaline and fibrocartilage

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28
Q

What is the general function of the superficial extrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Connect to appendicular skeleton

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29
Q

What is the general function of the intermediate extrinsic muscle of the back?

A

Superficial (secondary) respiratory muscle

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30
Q

What are the superficial extrinsic back muscles?

A 
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Levator scapulae
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31
Q

What are the intermediate extrinsic back muscles?

A

Serratus posterior superior

Serratus posterior inferior

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32
Q

What are the origins of the serratus posterior superior?

A

Nuchal ligament

Spinous processes C7-T3

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33
Q

What are the insertions of the serratus posterior superior?

A

Superior borders ribs 2-4

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34
Q

What is the innervation to the serratus posterior superior?

A

Intercostal nerves 2-5

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35
Q

What are the origins of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

Spinous processes T11-T12

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36
Q

What are the insertions of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

Inferior borders of ribs 8-12 (near angles)

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37
Q

What is the innervation to the serratus posterior inferior?

A

Anterior rami T9-T12

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38
Q

What is the general function of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Maintain posture

Control movements of the vertebral column

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39
Q

What muscles make up the superficial layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Splenius muscles

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40
Q

What muscle group makes up the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Erector spinae muscle group

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41
Q

What is the general innervation to the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

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42
Q

What are the common origins of the splenius muscles?

A

Nuchal ligament

Spinous processes C7-T3/4

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43
Q

What are the insertions of the splenius capitis?

A

Mastoid process

Lateral 1/3rd superior nuchal line

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44
Q

What are the insertions of the splenius cervicis?

A

Tubercles of transverse processes C1-C3/4

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45
Q

What are the functions of the splenius muscles?

A

Movements of head/neck:

  • Extension
  • Rotation
  • Lateral flexion
46
Q

What are the functions of the intermediate intrinsic back muscles?

A 
Unilaterally flex vertebral column ipsilaterally
Bilaterally:
- Extend spine
- Posture
- Antigravity
47
Q

From lateral to medial, what are the intermediate intrinsic back muscles?

A

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

48
Q

What are the common origins of the erector spinae muscles?

A

Posterior iliac crest
Posterior sacrum and sacroiliac ligaments
Spinous processes of sacral and lower lumbar vertebrae
Supraspinous ligament

49
Q

What are the parts of the iliocostalis muscle?

A

Lumborum
Thoracis
Cervicis

50
Q

What are the insertions of the iliocostalis muscle?

A

Angles of lower ribs

Cervical transverse processes

51
Q

What are the parts of the longissimus muscle?

A

Thoracis
Cervicis
Capitis

52
Q

What are the insertions of the longissimus muscle?

A

Ribs (between tubercles and angles)
Thoracic and cervical transverse processes
Mastoid process

53
Q

What are the parts of the spinalis muscle?

A

Thoracis
Cervicis
Capitis

54
Q

What are the insertions of the spinalis muscle?

A

Upper thoracic spinous processes

Cranium

55
Q

What are the parts of the semispinalis muscle?

A

Thoracis
Cervicis
Capitis

56
Q

What are the origins of the semispinalis muscle?

A

Transverse processes of C4-T12

57
Q

What are the insertions of the semispinalis muscle?

A

Occipital bone

Thoracic and cervical spinous processes

58
Q

Where is the multifidus muscle thickest?

A

Lumbar region

59
Q

What is the orientation of multifidus muscle fibres?

A

Pass superomedially to spinous processes 2-4 vertebrae above

60
Q

What is the function of the multifidus muscles?

A

Provide stability during movement

61
Q

In what region are the rotatores best developed?

A

Thoracic

62
Q

What is the orientation of the rotatores fibres?

A

Pass superomedially to junction of laminae and transverse processes 1-2 vertebrae above

63
Q

What are the functions of rotatores?

A

Stability

Some rotation

64
Q

Where are the levator costarum muscles found?

A

Thoracic rregion

65
Q

What are the origins of the levator costarum muscles?

A

Transverse processes C7-T11

66
Q

What are the insertions of the levator costarum muscles?

A

Upper ribs borders (immediately inferior to preceding vertebra)

67
Q

In what regions are the interspinale muscles well developed?

A

Cervical

Lumbar

68
Q

What is the function of the interspinale muscles?

A

Extension

69
Q

In what regions are the intertransversarii well developed?

A

Cervical

Lumbar

70
Q

What are the functions of the intertransversarii?

A

Stabilisation

Some lateral flexion

71
Q

Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament run from and to?

A

From skull base

To sacrum

72
Q

What do the deep fibres of the anterior longitudinal ligament do?

A

Bidn adjacent vertebrae together

73
Q

What do the superficial fibres of the anterior longitudinal ligament do?

A

Span multiple segments

74
Q

How many layers of dense collagen are in the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

3

75
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevents hyperextension

76
Q

Where does the posterior longitudinal ligament run from and to?

A

From C2

To sacrum

77
Q

What is the posterior longitudinal ligament attached to?

A

Posterior aspects of IV discs mainly

plus margins of vertebral bodies

78
Q

What runs between the posterior longitudinal ligament and the vertebrae?

A

Fat and vessels

Between ligament and bony posterior vertebral body surface

79
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevent posterior herniation of IV disc

Also limits flexion weakly

80
Q

What do the ligamenta flava lie?

A

Connecting laminae of adjacent vertebrae

81
Q

What are the functions of the ligamenta flava?

A

Reinforce wall of vertebral canal posteriorly
Limit flexion
Help maintain curvatures

82
Q

Describe the interspinous ligaments?

A

Connect adjacent spinous processes

Thin, weak and membranous

83
Q

Describe the supraspinous ligament?

A

Connects tips of spinous processes
Runs from C7 to sacrum
Cord-like

84
Q

What is the function of the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments?

A

Limit flexion

85
Q

How can the intertransverse ligaments be described in the cervical spine?

A

Scattered

86
Q

How can the intertransverse ligaments be described in the thoracic spine?

A

Fibrous

87
Q

How can the intertransverse ligaments be described in the lumbar spine?

A

Membranous

88
Q

What is the function of the intertransverse ligaments?

A

Limit lateral flexion

89
Q

What are the origins of the nuchal ligament?

A

External occipital protuberance

Posterior border foramen magnum

90
Q

What are the insertions of the nuchal ligament?

A

Spinous processes C1-C7

91
Q

What are the functions of the nuchal ligament?

A

Muscle attachment

Limits flexion

92
Q

Where does the spinal cord run?

A

From the foramen magnum to L1/L2

93
Q

What is the ending of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

94
Q

Where is the cervical enlargement?

A

C4-T1

95
Q

Where is the lumbosacral enlargement?

A

L1-S3

96
Q

What are cervical spinal nerves named after?

A

Vertebra below (except C8)

97
Q

What are the other spinal nerves named after?

A

Vertebra above

98
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Remnant of caudal part of spinal cord

99
Q

Where is the filum terminale internum found and where does it extend to?

A

Within dural sac

Extends to lower border S1/S2

100
Q

What does the filum terminale externum do?

A

Attaches dura inferiorly to coccyx

101
Q

What is contained within the epidural space?

A

Internal vertebral venous plexuses (Anterior and Posterior)

Epidural fat

102
Q

What connect the arachnoid to the pia?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae

103
Q

What is the enlargement of the subarachnoid space called and where is it found?

A

Lumbar cistern

L2-S2

104
Q

What does spinal pia mater cover?

A

Spinal cord
Nerve roots
Spinal blood vessels

105
Q

What are the denticulate ligaments?

A

Pia mater running on either side of the spinal cord between posterior and anterior nerve roots

106
Q

What do the denticulate ligaments do?

A

Suspend cord in dural sac

107
Q

Where does the anterior spinal artery arise?

A

From vertebral arteries at level of medullar oblongata (in a y-shaped fashion)
(Singular and descends in midline)

108
Q

Where do the two posterior spinal arteries arise from?

A

Vertebral arteries
OR
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

109
Q

Where do the spinal arteries run?

A

From medulla to conus medullaris

110
Q

What supports the spinal arteries?

A

Anterior and posterior segmental medullary arteries derived from spinal branches of

  • Ascending cervical arteries
  • Deep cervical arteries
  • Vertebral arteries
  • Posterior intercostal arteries
  • Lumbar arteries
111
Q

What supplies the nerve roots?

A

Radicular arteries

112
Q

What drains the spinal cord?

A

Medullary vein -> Radicular veins -> Internal vertebral venous plexus -> Anterior and posterior spinal veins

Regional Gross Anatomy (14 decks)

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