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Regional Gross Anatomy > Region 4 - Back > Flashcards

Region 4 - Back Flashcards

1
Q

What are the vertebral notches?

A

Indentations superior and inferior to each pedicle

Form the IV foraminae

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2
Q

What does the superior vertebral notch on C1 form?

A

A groove for the vertebral artery

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3
Q

In the atlas, what separates the vertebral foramen and the foramen for the dens?

A

Transverse ligament of the atlas

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4
Q

What structures of C1 support a superior and inferior articular surface on each side?

A

Lateral masses

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5
Q

What are the bony prominences on the anterior and posterior arches of C1?

A

Anterior and posterior tubercles

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6
Q

What do the superior articular surfaces of C1 articulate with?

A

Occipital condyles

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the grooves on the dens of C2?

A

Attachments of alar ligaments

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the posterior articular facet at the base of the dens?

A

Attachment of the transverse ligament of the atlas

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9
Q

What do the anterior and posterior tubercles on the transverse processes of C3-C7 do?

A

Create a groove between them for spinal nerves

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10
Q

What are the projections on the lateral aspects of the bodies of C3-C7 called?

A

Uncinate processes

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11
Q

How are the articular facets of thoracic vertebrae orientated?

A

Nearly vertically
Superior facets face posteriorly
Inferior facets face anteriorly

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12
Q

What does the orientation of the articular facets of thoracic vertebrae allow?

A

Some rotation

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13
Q

How can the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae be described?

A

Long and sloping

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14
Q

What shape do the bodies of lumbar vertebrae have?

A

Kidney-shaped

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15
Q

What additional processes are present on each transverse process of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Accessory process

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16
Q

What additional processes are present on each superior articular process of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Mammillary process

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17
Q

What is the function of the additional processes on the transverse and superior articular processes of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Muscle attachment

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18
Q

How are the articular facets of lumbar vertebrae orientated?

A

Superior facets face posteromedially

Inferior facets face anterolaterally

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19
Q

How does the orientation of the articular facets of lumbar vertebrae affect movement in this region?

A

They grip each other to allow flexion-extension without much rotation

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20
Q

Where is the base of the sacrum?

A

The most superior part

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21
Q

What is the name given to the inwardly projecting, anterior part of the body of S1?

A

Sacral promontory

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22
Q

What names are given to the sacral equivalents of the IV foraminae?

A

Anterior and posterior sacral foraminae

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23
Q

What do the spinous processes of sacral vertebrae form?

A

Median crest

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24
Q

What do the articular processes of sacral vertebrae form?

A

Intermediate crest

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25
What do the transverse processes of sacral vertebrae form?
Lateral crest
26
What feature of the coccyx allows articulation with the sacrum?
Coccygeal cornu
27
Why do IV discs not ossify?
They are secondary cartilaginous joint (symphyses) | Hyaline and fibrocartilage
28
What is the general function of the superficial extrinsic muscles of the back?
Connect to appendicular skeleton
29
What is the general function of the intermediate extrinsic muscle of the back?
Superficial (secondary) respiratory muscle
30
What are the superficial extrinsic back muscles?
``` Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor Levator scapulae ```
31
What are the intermediate extrinsic back muscles?
Serratus posterior superior | Serratus posterior inferior
32
What are the origins of the serratus posterior superior?
Nuchal ligament | Spinous processes C7-T3
33
What are the insertions of the serratus posterior superior?
Superior borders ribs 2-4
34
What is the innervation to the serratus posterior superior?
Intercostal nerves 2-5
35
What are the origins of the serratus posterior inferior?
Spinous processes T11-T12
36
What are the insertions of the serratus posterior inferior?
Inferior borders of ribs 8-12 (near angles)
37
What is the innervation to the serratus posterior inferior?
Anterior rami T9-T12
38
What is the general function of the intrinsic back muscles?
Maintain posture | Control movements of the vertebral column
39
What muscles make up the superficial layer of the intrinsic back muscles?
Splenius muscles
40
What muscle group makes up the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles?
Erector spinae muscle group
41
What is the general innervation to the intrinsic back muscles?
Posterior rami of spinal nerves
42
What are the common origins of the splenius muscles?
Nuchal ligament | Spinous processes C7-T3/4
43
What are the insertions of the splenius capitis?
Mastoid process | Lateral 1/3rd superior nuchal line
44
What are the insertions of the splenius cervicis?
Tubercles of transverse processes C1-C3/4
45
What are the functions of the splenius muscles?
Movements of head/neck: - Extension - Rotation - Lateral flexion
46
What are the functions of the intermediate intrinsic back muscles?
``` Unilaterally flex vertebral column ipsilaterally Bilaterally: - Extend spine - Posture - Antigravity ```
47
From lateral to medial, what are the intermediate intrinsic back muscles?
Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis
48
What are the common origins of the erector spinae muscles?
Posterior iliac crest Posterior sacrum and sacroiliac ligaments Spinous processes of sacral and lower lumbar vertebrae Supraspinous ligament
49
What are the parts of the iliocostalis muscle?
Lumborum Thoracis Cervicis
50
What are the insertions of the iliocostalis muscle?
Angles of lower ribs | Cervical transverse processes
51
What are the parts of the longissimus muscle?
Thoracis Cervicis Capitis
52
What are the insertions of the longissimus muscle?
Ribs (between tubercles and angles) Thoracic and cervical transverse processes Mastoid process
53
What are the parts of the spinalis muscle?
Thoracis Cervicis Capitis
54
What are the insertions of the spinalis muscle?
Upper thoracic spinous processes | Cranium
55
What are the parts of the semispinalis muscle?
Thoracis Cervicis Capitis
56
What are the origins of the semispinalis muscle?
Transverse processes of C4-T12
57
What are the insertions of the semispinalis muscle?
Occipital bone | Thoracic and cervical spinous processes
58
Where is the multifidus muscle thickest?
Lumbar region
59
What is the orientation of multifidus muscle fibres?
Pass superomedially to spinous processes 2-4 vertebrae above
60
What is the function of the multifidus muscles?
Provide stability during movement
61
In what region are the rotatores best developed?
Thoracic
62
What is the orientation of the rotatores fibres?
Pass superomedially to junction of laminae and transverse processes 1-2 vertebrae above
63
What are the functions of rotatores?
Stability | Some rotation
64
Where are the levator costarum muscles found?
Thoracic rregion
65
What are the origins of the levator costarum muscles?
Transverse processes C7-T11
66
What are the insertions of the levator costarum muscles?
Upper ribs borders (immediately inferior to preceding vertebra)
67
In what regions are the interspinale muscles well developed?
Cervical | Lumbar
68
What is the function of the interspinale muscles?
Extension
69
In what regions are the intertransversarii well developed?
Cervical | Lumbar
70
What are the functions of the intertransversarii?
Stabilisation | Some lateral flexion
71
Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament run from and to?
From skull base | To sacrum
72
What do the deep fibres of the anterior longitudinal ligament do?
Bidn adjacent vertebrae together
73
What do the superficial fibres of the anterior longitudinal ligament do?
Span multiple segments
74
How many layers of dense collagen are in the anterior longitudinal ligament?
3
75
What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
Prevents hyperextension
76
Where does the posterior longitudinal ligament run from and to?
From C2 | To sacrum
77
What is the posterior longitudinal ligament attached to?
Posterior aspects of IV discs mainly | plus margins of vertebral bodies
78
What runs between the posterior longitudinal ligament and the vertebrae?
Fat and vessels | Between ligament and bony posterior vertebral body surface
79
What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Prevent posterior herniation of IV disc | Also limits flexion weakly
80
What do the ligamenta flava lie?
Connecting laminae of adjacent vertebrae
81
What are the functions of the ligamenta flava?
Reinforce wall of vertebral canal posteriorly Limit flexion Help maintain curvatures
82
Describe the interspinous ligaments?
Connect adjacent spinous processes | Thin, weak and membranous
83
Describe the supraspinous ligament?
Connects tips of spinous processes Runs from C7 to sacrum Cord-like
84
What is the function of the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments?
Limit flexion
85
How can the intertransverse ligaments be described in the cervical spine?
Scattered
86
How can the intertransverse ligaments be described in the thoracic spine?
Fibrous
87
How can the intertransverse ligaments be described in the lumbar spine?
Membranous
88
What is the function of the intertransverse ligaments?
Limit lateral flexion
89
What are the origins of the nuchal ligament?
External occipital protuberance | Posterior border foramen magnum
90
What are the insertions of the nuchal ligament?
Spinous processes C1-C7
91
What are the functions of the nuchal ligament?
Muscle attachment | Limits flexion
92
Where does the spinal cord run?
From the foramen magnum to L1/L2
93
What is the ending of the spinal cord called?
Conus medullaris
94
Where is the cervical enlargement?
C4-T1
95
Where is the lumbosacral enlargement?
L1-S3
96
What are cervical spinal nerves named after?
Vertebra below (except C8)
97
What are the other spinal nerves named after?
Vertebra above
98
What is the filum terminale?
Remnant of caudal part of spinal cord
99
Where is the filum terminale internum found and where does it extend to?
Within dural sac | Extends to lower border S1/S2
100
What does the filum terminale externum do?
Attaches dura inferiorly to coccyx
101
What is contained within the epidural space?
Internal vertebral venous plexuses (Anterior and Posterior) | Epidural fat
102
What connect the arachnoid to the pia?
Arachnoid trabeculae
103
What is the enlargement of the subarachnoid space called and where is it found?
Lumbar cistern | L2-S2
104
What does spinal pia mater cover?
Spinal cord Nerve roots Spinal blood vessels
105
What are the denticulate ligaments?
Pia mater running on either side of the spinal cord between posterior and anterior nerve roots
106
What do the denticulate ligaments do?
Suspend cord in dural sac
107
Where does the anterior spinal artery arise?
From vertebral arteries at level of medullar oblongata (in a y-shaped fashion) (Singular and descends in midline)
108
Where do the two posterior spinal arteries arise from?
Vertebral arteries OR Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
109
Where do the spinal arteries run?
From medulla to conus medullaris
110
What supports the spinal arteries?
Anterior and posterior segmental medullary arteries derived from spinal branches of - Ascending cervical arteries - Deep cervical arteries - Vertebral arteries - Posterior intercostal arteries - Lumbar arteries
111
What supplies the nerve roots?
Radicular arteries
112
What drains the spinal cord?
Medullary vein -> Radicular veins -> Internal vertebral venous plexus -> Anterior and posterior spinal veins

Regional Gross Anatomy (14 decks)

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