reformation and more test Flashcards
heresy
-punishable by death
-anything said about religion/ God that the Church untrue
catholic church’s abuses
-priests and popes had children
-sold indulgences
-the Bible was only in Latin and not everyone could read Latin
-people were burned at the stake
indulgences
-certificates sold by the catholic church
-almost like a “get out of purgatory or hell free” card for a family member
-a way that the catholic church made more money
the reformation in germany
-martin luther was german
-copies of his “ninety-five theses” were distributed throughout germany
-luther’s ideas challenged the idea of centralized power (in the church) in europe
-some german princes sided with luther against catholic authority
-caused german peasants war bc luther’s ideas inspired peasants
martin luther
-lived from 1483- 1546 in germany
-his father encouraged him to study law
-a sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk
-wrote the 95 theses and posted them at the wittenburg castle church
-made the lutheran church
-was excommunicated
-didn’t believe in the sacraments or transubstantiation
-sparked the reformation (especially in germany)
salvation
-being saved/ going to heaven with God
-catholics believe it was by faith and works
-protestants/ lutherans believe it was by faith alone
95 theses
-written by martin luther
-it was his arguments against the catholic church’s practices
-criticized power of the pope, wealth of the church, and the catholic concept of salvation (indulgences)
reformation
-“re-formation” of beliefs in what it meant to be a Christian
-protestants broke away from the Catholic church in europe
-caused war and confusion
sola scriptura
-“only scripture”
-only by reading Scripture can we discover how to satisfy God
sola fide
-“only faith”
-only by faith in the finished work of Christ can we be saved
sola gracia
-“only grace”
-only by grace, not by any works of man,can we be saved
diet of worms
-happened in in 1521
-luther was called in front of a meeting of church and political leaders
-the church demanded that luther take back his teachings
-he refused
-he was excommunicated
luther’s excommunication
-happened at the diet of worms in 1521
-the church ordered that he take back his teachings and he refused
charles v
-hasburg ruler of the netherlands, spain, new spain, milan, and the holy roman empire
-inherited land from both sets of grandparents
-raised in ghent
-his father died when he was 6
-had conflicts in spain, france, rome, ottoman, and with the protestants
frederick the wise
-elector of saxony
-protected martin luther
-took him to his castle for a year where luther worked on a german translation of the Bible
the reformation in geneva
-john calvin was the main reformer
-geneva is where reformer john calvin set up his theocracy and set out to systematize protestantism
-had lots of rules to live there like no fighting, swearing, drinking, gambling, dancing, or playing cards
the institutes of christian religion
-written by john calvin
-a summary of his presbyterian theology
TULIP
-total depravity of man (man in completely bad)
-unconditional election (you are saved by God’s choosing not by your own merit)
-limited atonement (Jesus died only for his elect)
-irresistable grace (when God chooses to save someone they will be saved)
-perserverance of the saints (you can’t lose your salvation)
predestination
-calvin believed in it
-the belief the God determines the fate of every person
-also means He chooses who is saved and who goes to hell
theocracy of geneva
-formed by john calvin
-had a consistory (church council given power to control people’s lives)
-they would search homes
-no swearing, drinking, gambling, dancing, playing cards, or fighting
reformation in england
-prince henry VIII was made king because he had defended the church in the past
-eventually he made his own church (anglican) because of marriage issues
-england was no longer catholic and was now under its own anglican church
henry VIII
-had 6 wives
-married his older brother’s wife after he died
-wasn’t able to have a son
-asked the church to annul his marriage to catherine
-they said no
-he made his own church that said yes
-executed sir thomas more (his friend) because he chose the catholic church
-married anne boleyn next
-beheads her because she gave him a daughter
catherine of aragon
-arthur, henry VIII’s brother’s wife
-henry marries her after he dies
-henry has their marriage annuled after she only gives him a daughter when he makes his own church
-daughter was mary
acts of supremacy
-when henry VIII declared himself head of the english church
-said that the pope had no authority in england
-confiscated the church’s land and money
thomas more
-henry VIII’s friend and mentor
-henry had him executed after he took the catholic church’s side
-chose loyalty to the catholic church over loyalty to his king
anne boleyn
-second wife of henry VIII
-only gave him a daughter- elizabeth
-henry beheads her because of this
church of england
-made by henry VIII so he could divorce catherine of aragon and marry anne boleyn
-henry was the head of the church and england was no longer catholic
king edward VI of england
-king of england after henry VIII
-henry’s young son
-dies young (1547-53)
-left the throne to his protestant sister lady jane grey
-this was to avoid his catholic sister taking the throne
mary I of england
-took the throne from lady jane grey
-had a bloody reign
-burnt hundreds of protestants at the stake
-married catholic king of spain phillip II and made him co-sovereign
-died childless
philip II of spain
-married mary I of england
-became co-sovereign of england
-after mary died he requested to marry her sister, elizabeth
-she never responded which made him mad
-wanted to replace her with mary queen of scots
-waged war on england in the spanish armada
-was mad about english pirateers stealing goods
-eventually lost because of england setting its ships on fire
elizabeth I of england
-ruled after mary I
-never married so she could have the power
-was a uniting figure
-ruled as a protestant but did not persecute catholics
-was excommunicated
-people wanted to replace her with mary queen of scots, her catholic cousin
-her religious stability helped england
the counter- reformation
-happened around the sixteenth century
-the catholic church’s response to the reformation
-looked at their beliefs and decided what to change and what was doctrine (council of trent)
ignatius loyola
-spanish soldier who became a spiritual figure after religious struggles
-formed the jesuits
-published the spiritual exercises
the jesuits
-formed by ignatius loyola
-military-like order of catholics who focused on changing the way young people thought and spreading the faith to other countries
pope paul III
-zealous crusader for reform
-held an upright personal life
-made the council of trent
pope paul IV
-another devout pope and reformer
council of trent
-decided what was doctrine and what the catholic church would change
-in 1545 until 1563
-decided that good works were necesary for salvation, sacraments were indespesable, transubstantiation, purgatory, apostolic succession of priesthood, invocation of saints, and celibacy were all part of doctrine, pope had supremacy over every bishop, and indulgences were still to be sold
tennets of the faith stated at council of trent
-good works were necesary for salvation
-sacraments
-transubtantiation
-purgatory
-apostolic succession of priesthood
-invocation of saints
-celibacy
-pope had supremacy over bishops
-indulgences
wars of religion
-german peasants revolt
-civil war in germany
-french wars of religion
-thirty years war
german peasants revolt
-1524 until 1555
-peasants thought that luther’s ideas of freedom in christ meant freedom from their masters
-german princes didn’t agree
-they killed around 100,000
-charles V went to war against the princes who supported luther in 1529 and won
-signed the peace of augsburg in 1555 allowing princes to choose their own religion
peace of augsburg
-signed by charles v in 1555
-ended german religious wars
-allowed princes to choose their own religion
french civil war
-1562 until 1598
-the valois ruled france (traditionally catholic)
-after king henri II died the valois, guise, and bourbon families fought
-catherine de medici supported the guise
-she tried to destroy protestant leadership at st. bartholomew day’s massacre
-inspired 6 week killing spree where 20,000 calvinists were killed
-after catherine died henry of navarre of the bourbons/protestants took over and became henry IV of france
-france was left divided and the bourbons replaced the valois
catherine de medici
-real power behind french throne
-supported the guise family over bourbon
-catholic
-ordered the st. bartholomew day’s massacre to destroy protestant leadership
-died and was replaced by henry of navarre
henry of navarre
-bourbon
-protestant
-became henry IV of france
-converted to catholicism- practiced politque and said “paris is worth a mass”
-passed edict of nantes in 1598 and granted rights to the huguenots
st batholomew’s day massacre
-called by catherine de medici
-started a 6 week killing spree of 20,000 calvinists
-tried to destroy protestant leadership
huguenots
-french word for calvinists
-granted religious rights by henry IV in 1598 in edict of nantes
politique
-politics coming first, religious coming seconds
-shown by henry IV when he converted to catholicism to control france but gave huguenots rights
thirty years war
-1618 until 1648
-at the beginning it was catholic principalities vs. protestant ones
-turned into a war to balance power in europe (hapsburg and ferdinand vs. non hapsburg)
-resolved by treaty of westphalia in 1648
-four phases: bohemian, danish, swedish, and french
four phases of thirty years war
-bohemian (local, religious)
-danish (local, religious)
-swedish (continental, power, political)
-french (continental, power, political)
bohemian phase of tyw
-1618 until 1622
-ferdinand II (brother of charles V) inherited bohemia
-bohemians hated charles because he burned jan hus
-ferdinand refused to tolerate protestants
-local administrators threw ferdinands men out the window at the defenestration of prauge in may 1618
-this caused ferdinand to go to war against bohemia (he won)
-inspired others to fight the HRE
-catholics won this phase
danish phase of tyw
-1625 until 1629
-the danes controlled land bordering the HRE and fought against ferdinand II
-tried to stand up for the protestants
-ferdinand hired albrcht von wallenstein who defeated the danes
-ferdinand issued edict of restitution in 1629 which restored catholic land lost since 1552 taken by protestants
-catholics won this phase
swedish phase of tyw
-1630 until 1635
-protestant sweden got involved in the war
-both france and sweden wanted to stop catholic hasburg power
-sweden led charge, france supported with money
-gustavus adolphus (savior of the protestants) invaded HRE
-wallenstein stopped it
-ferdinand feared wallenstien and had him assasinated
-protestants won this phase
french phase
-1635 until 1648
-most devastating phase because they had little resources (long war, little ice age) so they pillaged towns
-catholic france began to fight against charles V becaues they wanted a balance of power
-german towns were decimated
-agriculture collapsed because of little ice age
-1/3 of the population died
-trade was crippled
-ended with peace of westphalia in 1648
peace of westphalia
-had both political and religious provisions
-pol- german princes free from HRE, netherland became independent, france got province of alsace, sweden got lands on baltic and black sea, switerland became independent
-rel- lutheran, catholic, and calvinists were all seen as legitimate religions
