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history final Flashcards

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1
Q

agricultural revolution

A

-increase in agricultural production
-new technology, selective breeding, etc. made farming/ feeding people easier and faster

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2
Q

enclosure movement

A

-landowners closed off their estates
-lords wanted commoners off their land
-bought land from small farmers
-caused the urbanization bc commoners were forced to move and find new jobs

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3
Q

jethro tull

A

-helped form agricultural revolution
-created seed drill
-planted seeds and covered them with dirt

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4
Q

crop rotation

A

-europe started doing it in the agricultural revolution
-rotating which crops you plant to replenish the nutrients in the soil

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5
Q

industrialization

A

-the development of industries in a country on a wide scale

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6
Q

factors of production in the industrial revolution

A

-land
-labor
-capital

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7
Q

industrial revolution

A

-period of rapid growth of the use of machines in manufacturing and production
-began in mid 1700s
-radically changed society

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8
Q

john kay

A

-invented the flying shuttle

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9
Q

richard arkwright

A

-invented the water frame
-english
-most successful textile manufacturer

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10
Q

james hargreaves

A

-invented the spinning jenny

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11
Q

edmund cartwright

A

-invented the power loom

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12
Q

james watt

A

-improved newcomen’s steam engine to power machinery

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13
Q

george stephenson

A

-created the “rocket” train
-first steam-powered passenger railway in 1825

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14
Q

spinning jenny

A

-like a spinning wheel but can spin more than one thread at a time
-james hargreaves made the machine and patented it
-it could spin 16 threads at one time

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15
Q

water frame

A

-powered by water
-turned out yarn much faster than spinning wheels
-led to development of mechanized looms
-created by richard arkwright

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16
Q

steam engine

A

-turns energy released by burning fuel into motion
-thomas newcomen built the first model
-james watt improved it vastly
-after watt it was incorporated into machinery

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17
Q

power loom

A

-operated mechanically
-powered by water
-changed workers job from running loom to watching loom
-sped up production of textiles
-created by edward cartwright

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18
Q

the rocket locomotive

A

-created by george stephenson
-traveled 40 miles in 1 and 1/2 hours
-caused 15,000 miles of railroad tracks to be built

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19
Q

significance of steam power

A

-increased speed of work
-created automatic power source
-allowed goods and workers to be transported across long distances quickly

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20
Q

significance of factories

A

-consolidated workforce
-created a single place where goods were produced start to finish
-created great wealth for owners
-created opportunity for owners to abuse/exploit workers

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21
Q

significance of railroads

A

-connected the country
-helped farmers/ranchers in the west
-caused major growth in some cities
-destruction of native american and cowboy lifestyle
-rr became powerful due to land grants

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22
Q

importance of manchester, uk

A

-leading cotton and textile production center in britain

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23
Q

causes of migration to the cities

A

-changes in farming
-rise in population
-need for workers
-enclosure movement

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24
Q

urbanization

A

-increase in percentage of people living in urban areas

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25
Q

unpreparedness of cities for mass migration

A

-lack of adequate housing
-lack of sanitation
-lack of public transportation
-all combined to make cities a disease hub

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26
Q

population increase

A

-bc of agricultural revolution more people were able to be fed
-being fed better means living longer
-living longer means having more children

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27
Q

rise of the middle class

A

-as cities grew merchants explored new jobs
-workers demanded more money for their labor
-aka bourgeousie

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28
Q

rise of the working class

A

-aka proletariat
-industrial economy relied on thousands of workers
-usually whole families were part of the workforce together
-shift from agricultural economy to industrial shifted people who worked on farms to be a working class

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29
Q

wealth gap

A

-difference in incomes/assets
-gap between rich and poor was increased during industrial revolution

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30
Q

jose morales

A

-preist who tried to carry revolution forward after father hidalgo

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31
Q

irish potato famine

A

-famine in 1845
-main source of nutrition for irish, potatoes was destroyed by disease
-irish grew other crops but biritan required them to export those
-people either migrated or died
-caused by lack of variety in potato crop and lack of british concern

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32
Q

adam smith

A

-scottish economist
-wrote wealth of nations
-introduced the world to the idea of capitalism
-believed in laissez-faire

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33
Q

wealth of nations

A

-book by adam smith
-introduced capitalism

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34
Q

capitalism

A

-factors of production are privately owned rather than stately owned

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35
Q

positive consequences of industrial revolution

A

-increase material wealth
-made products cheaper at a faster paced
-created an environment of creativity
-education
-eventual betterment of work conditions

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36
Q

laissez-faire

A

-policy of letting things take their own course without interference

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37
Q

thomas malthus

A

-eighteenth century english intellectual
-warned population growth threatened future generations
-argued that diesases/wars were needed
-wrote “an essay on the principle of population”

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38
Q

jeremy bentham

A

-british theorist and philosopher
-proposed ultiliarianism

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39
Q

utiliarianism

A

-people should judge things based on their usefulness
-governments should operate to bring the greates good to the greatest number of people

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40
Q

john stuart mills

A

-naturalist
-former member of parliament
-founder of utiliarianism
-fought for women’s rights
-wrote on liberty

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41
Q

pace of life

A

-used to be based off of hours of daylight
-was slower paced
-work was based off of when it was done
-after industrial revolution bc of lightbulb it was based off of set hours
-culture became efficiency based and was faster paced
-with inventions people could get things done faster, get places faster, etc.

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42
Q

child labor

A

-children were viewed as workers
-children worked on farms prior to the industrial revolution but there werent as many risks involved

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43
Q

on liberty

A

-written by john stuart mills

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44
Q

utopian socialism

A

-ideal society based on socialist ideas
-capitalists surrender means of production to the people peacefully

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45
Q

robert owen

A

-improved working conditions
-attempted to create utopia in indiana
-set up model community at his cotton mill in scotland

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46
Q

socialism

A

-political and economic theory of social organization
-argues that the means of production should be owned by the community as a whole

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47
Q

communism

A

-political thoery derived from karl marx
-advocated for a class war which led to a society where property is publicly owned
-each person is paid/given jobs based on their abilities and needs

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48
Q

karl marx

A

-father of communism
-19th century philosopher and economic theorist
-beleived that communism would replace capitalism

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49
Q

communist manifesto

A

-book written in 1848 by karl marx and fredreich engels
-urged workers to rise up and seize means of produciton from upper and middle classes

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50
Q

unions

A

-an association of workers
-formed to fargain wages and working conditions
-sometimes participated in strikes

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51
Q

strikes

A
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52
Q

factory act of 1819

A

-restricted working agea nd hours for children
-said that children undre 9 could not work
-children 9-13 had to work partime and go to shcool part time

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53
Q

reform act of 1832

A

-increased suffrage
-eliminated rotten and pocket boroughs
-gave middle class men the right to vote (left working class men dissapointed)

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54
Q

chartist movement

A

-19th century british citizens demanded reforms in parliament and elections
-ex. right to vote for all men

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55
Q

married women’s property act of 1882

A

-allowed married women to own and control property

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56
Q

abolition of slavery

A

-william wilberforce fought to abolish it first in the trade, then slavery in britain as a whole, then i the colonies
-officially ended in 1807

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57
Q

william wilberforce

A

-british statesmen and reformer
-leader of the abolitionsit movement in english parliament

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58
Q

mary wollstonecraft

A

-birtish feminist of the 18th century
-argued women’s equality with men
-wroe vindication of the rights of women in 1792

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59
Q

women’s suffarge movement

A

-womens right to vote

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60
Q

industrial revolutions impact on the arts

A

-new styles developed
-ex. impressionism , realism, romanticism

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61
Q

charles dickens

A

-english writer
-novels depicted and criticized social injustice

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62
Q

realism

A

-natural and real work depicted in the sense that it actually happened

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63
Q

jules verne

A

-sci fi author of the 19th century
-wrote journey to the center of the earth and twenty thousand leauges under the sea

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64
Q

photography

A

-the art of taking pcitures with a camera
-names after tthe original rpoceess of shining light to reveal the image on special paper
-helped incrase realism bc you cant put as much pov into a photograph as you can a painting of an event
-ex. crimean war (shattered the illusion that war was glorious)

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65
Q

mozart

A

-composer from autria
-knownfor classsical nw style
-child prodigy

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66
Q

romanticism

A

-reflected deep interests in nature and the thoughs/feelings of the inducvidal
-in music the compoer celebrated herosim and national pride
-ex beethoven

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67
Q

victor hugo

A

-french writer
-best known novels are hunchback of notre dame and les misreablees

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68
Q

mary shelley

A

-wrote in romantic tstyle
-author of frankenstien

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69
Q

percy bysshe shelly

A

-most ffamous romantic poet
-wrote ozmandias

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70
Q

chopin

A

-romantic composer

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71
Q

wagner

A

-german romantic composer of operas
-created music drama
-combines music, spectacle, and drama

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72
Q

impressionism

A

-artistic movement
-sought to capture atristic impression or momentary feel of the piee they were drawing

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73
Q

monet

A

-fernch painter
-used time of impressionism called super realism

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74
Q

degas

A

-french painter-impressionism
-did horses and ballet dancers

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75
Q

debussy

A

-impressionist composer

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76
Q

thomas edison

A

-american inventor
-best known for lightbulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders and motion pictures

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77
Q

marconi gugilemo

A

-inventor of the radio

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78
Q

orville and wilbur wright

A

-developed the first working plane at kitty hawk nc

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79
Q

alexander graham bell

A

-inventor of the telephone

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80
Q

henry ford

A

-american manufacturer of automobiles
-pioneerd mass production of cars through the assembly line

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81
Q

assembly lines

A

-improved productivity by using intercchangalbe parts nd craft production

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82
Q

louis pasteur

A

-french chemist
-discoverred heat could kill bacteria tha would othersie spoil milk, wime , beer, etc.

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83
Q

dmitri mendeleev

A

-russian chemist
-created periodic table
-predicted discovery of more elements in the future

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84
Q

marie and pierre curie

A

-discovered polonium and radium

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85
Q

ernest rutherford

A

discovered that the atom had a nucleus

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86
Q

nells bohr

A

-built on rutherfords work
-devleoped the planetary model of the atom in 1913
-said taht electrons are in energy levels
-the farther n electron is away from the nucleus the higher its energy is

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87
Q

max plank

A

-said that a heated body doesnt radiate energy in a steady stream but spits it out in chunks called quanta
-quantum theory questioned the old views of atoms based on newtonian physics

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88
Q

ivan pavlov

A

-discovered classical conditioning
-trianed dogs to salivate at hte ringing of a bell

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89
Q

charles darwin

A

-english natural sientist ho discored the theory of evoluion through natural selection

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90
Q

the beagle

A

-darwin went on a voyage around the world in this cship-only on board fo 18 mo

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91
Q

the origin of species

A

-charles darwins book
-explained that various species evolve over time and only those wiht advantages can survive an drepoduce

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92
Q

theory of evolution

A

-states that evolutionary change comes thorugh variation in each generation and differential survival of the individuals wih these characteristics

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93
Q

august comte

A

-father of sociology

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94
Q

emile zola

A

-gaint of the realism movement
-accuesd the french government of anti-semitism and unlawful jailing of alfred dreyfus in his piecej’acuse

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95
Q

gustave flaubert

A

-french author
wrote madame bovary which was the fisrrt major realist novel

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96
Q

leo tolstoy

A

-russian writer of realistic fiction
-annakerenina, wra and peace

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97
Q

war and peace

A

-draws from journals, letters, and historical reports of the napoleonic invation of russia
-through the eeyes of five russian aristocratic families

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98
Q

alfred dreyfus

A

-french soldier and victim of antisemitism
–acccused of treason and jialed on devils island
-later found innocent byb french govt

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99
Q

antisemitism

A

-hostility of prejudice against jews

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100
Q

antisemitism and evolutionary theory

A

-anti-semit. was given rising validity bc of the thoery that they were a lesser race anad should be erradicated

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101
Q

the pale

A

-rusian govt prohiited jews from living outside of the pale region

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102
Q

george sand

A

-french female author
-took up a man’s name and dressed liek a man to rpotest the different treatment of women

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103
Q

infant custody act of 1839

A

-allowed mothers to have custody of their children after a divorce

104
Q

on the subjugation of women

A

-book by john stuart mills
-said that womena nd men are equal
-socitey forces women to adapt ann inferior role

105
Q

emmeline goulden pankhurst

A

-british activist
-leader of the suffragette movement

106
Q

concert of europe

A

-sereies of alliances between european countries in the 19th ccentury
-resulted from the congress of vienna
-created to prevent uuprisings

107
Q

conservatism

A

-based on tradition
-favored political authority and organized religion

108
Q

liberalism

A

-govt should and can achieve justice and equality of opportunity
(wants change but also to keep some of the old)

109
Q

radicals

A

-wanted to change everything
-burn it all down and start new

110
Q

bonds that create a nation

A

-culturelimit public assembles
-history
-language
-territory
-nationality
-reliigion

111
Q

imperial measures to supress nationalism

A

-address dissenters
-limit public assemblies
-address dissent with mmiliaty actions

112
Q

napoleon III

A

-nephew of emerpor napoleon I
-dedicated his exiled youth to planning for his family’s return to power
-knew how to work the system of democracy to his advantage/ knew what he had to do to get power
-elected first president of france and then declared himself emperor one year later

113
Q

middle class in 19th century revolutions

A

-social class made up of buisness professionals, skilled workers, and wealthy farmers

114
Q

german unificantion

A

-bismark used 3 wars between 1864 and 1871 to unite germany
-he united them under the motto “blood and iron”

115
Q

otto von bismarck

A

-chancellow of prussia from 1862 to 1871
-then became chancellor of germany
-conservative nationalist
-led prussia to victory over austria
-responsible for the creation of the german empire

116
Q

realpolitick

A

-otto von bismark’s policy
-practicle politics
-no ideals or moral principles behind actions, just what is practicle

117
Q

blood and iron

A

-bismark’s policy of using warfare against his enemies as a means of unifying the nation of germany
-in a famous speech he gave

118
Q

franco prussian war

A

-war bttwn prussia and france
-led to unification of germany
-led by kaiser william I
-instigated by bismark
-france was led by napoleon III
-ended with the treaty of frankfurt
-france surrendered territories of alasace and lorraine to germany

119
Q

greeces independence movement

A

-greeks lived under the domination of the ottoman empire but kept a common identity bc of language and religion
-1821 they revolted against the turks
-were backed by gb, france, and russia
-defeated turks by 1830
-put a german prince on greek throne by 1832

120
Q

monroe doctrine

A

-american foreign policy opposng interference iwth western conflicts

121
Q

geopolitical hotspot

A

-a location of political importance
-many countries fight ot obtain it
-ex. dardenelles, constantinople, suez canal

122
Q

russian decembrist revolution

A

-revolution in 1825
-ppl tried to overthrow nicholas I

123
Q

ottoman empire

A

-islamic state founded after the fall of the byzantine empire
-based in constantinople/istabul
-encompassed middle east, north africa, caucasus, and eastern europe

124
Q

crimean war

A

-frst war to be photographed
-war fought btwn the russian empire, and an allaince of gb, france and the ottoman empire
-russians lost

125
Q

thin red line

A

-last line of british defense in the crimean war
-held the line and beat back the russians

126
Q

charge of the light brigade

A

-calvary was told incorrect info in the battle of balaclava
-they ran into a barrage of canons leading to thier deaths

127
Q

fall of metternich

A

-because of the revolutions of 1848 francis II of austria and metternich were forced to leave vienna by liberal mobs

128
Q

home rule

A

-local self gov

129
Q

british commonwealth of nations

A

-group of countries/territors that are/were ruled by gb and arewere equal parteners iwth gb

130
Q

new zealand

A

-colony of gbb that granted women universal suffrage

131
Q

maori

A

-new zealand indigenous culture
-est. ~800 ce

132
Q

austrailias formation

A

-immigrants came to austrialia from british prisons to lessen the criminal pop in gb
-worked herding sheep

133
Q

women’s suffarge in 19th century revolutions

A

-movement in the 1880s
-sought to challenge the legal, economic, and political rights of women in america and europe
-it was an extension of enlightenment ideas onto women
-women eventually got the right to vote and have a job

134
Q

irish home rule

A

-ireland wanted to govern itself free from britsh rule (have home rule)
-gb finally gave them self-rule but the catholics and protestants did not get along
-issues were not addressed until after WW1

135
Q

garibaldi

A

-italian patriot
-conquest of siciliy and napels led to the formation of the italian state

136
Q

italian unification

A

-in 1848 italy was split into many states
-cavor worked to unify the nother
-helped garibaldi unify the south
-garibaldi eventually handed it all over to king of sardania vicotor emmanuel II

137
Q

nationalisms unifying abiliity

A

-some nations found thier identity in unification liek italy and germany

138
Q

nationism separating ability

A

-some found their identity in separating ex. belgium, greece

139
Q

spanish colonies

A

-mexico
-venezuela
-peru
-chile
-haiti
-colombia
-argentina
-paraguay

140
Q

division of latin american socitey

A

-peninsulares (spanish born)
-creoles (descendants of spanish born but born in la)
-mestizos (mixed)
-indigenous

141
Q

haitain revolution

A

-toussaint l’overture led the uprising
-succesfully overthrew french govt
-first black govt set up
-us was weary to support but evntually ended up doing it

142
Q

france’s rescinding its abolition of slavery

A

-declaration of the rights of man and citizen had abolish slavery
-napoleon reinstated it in the colonies

143
Q

france’s response to haitian independence

A

-france tricked l’overture and imprisoned him
-congress of vienna forced france to withdraw their troops from haiti

144
Q

simon bolivar

A

-mvp in gaining independence in south america
-born in venezuela
-led military forces there, colombia, ecuadro, peru, bolivia
-called “el libertador”

145
Q

jose de san martin

A

-south american statesman and general
-born in argentina
-leader in winning independence for peru, argentina, and chile

146
Q

mexican independence

A

-preists hidalgo and morales led violent rebellion that were crushed by loyalists
-second revolt was led by agustin de iturbide and won independencee

147
Q

padre hidalgo

A

-lived in a small town in mexico
-led 80,000 peasants in a revlot
-they were defeated and he died

148
Q

scramble for africa

A

-sudden wave of conquests in africa by european powers in 1880s-1890s
-britain got most of eastern africa
-france got most of northwestern africa
-other countries like germany, belgium, portugal, italy, and spain got smaller territories

149
Q

imperialism

A

-policy of extending a country’s and influence thorugh diplomacy or military force

150
Q

racism

A

-beleif that one race is better than another

151
Q

causes of imperialism

A

-search for raw materials/natural resources
-search for new markets
-spread christianity
-competition btwn powerful countries to get hte most land
-social darwinsim/racism

152
Q

social darwinsim

A

-belief that only the fittest in human political and economic struggle

153
Q

ethnocentrism

A

-belief in superiority of one’s own culture/nation/race

154
Q

belgian congo

A

-leopold II took over and exploited it for resources
-he was supposed to be a trustee (bc of berlin act)
-instead violated agreement and took its resources

155
Q

berlin conference

A

-meeting from 1884-1885
-representatives of european nations agreed on the rules of colonization of africa

156
Q

boers

A

-dutch settlers in south africa

157
Q

shaka zulu

A

-king of the zulu nation in south africa
-united area before qhite settlers moved in

158
Q

cecil rhodes

A

-british entreprenuer and politician
-involved in british expansion form south africa into central africa
-wanted to connecct cairo with johanessburg
-colonies of south rhodesia and northern rhodesia were namesd after him

159
Q

paternalism

A

-policy or practicee of treating people like you are their father and dealing with them like they arre their children

160
Q

suez canal

A

-human made water way
-opened in 1869
-connected red sea and mediteranean sea
-british eventaully edged france out of control

161
Q

ottoman empries decline

A

-too large
-fails to adopte western technology
-loses territory but lasts until WWI

162
Q

persia durign the age of imperialsim

A

-both russia and gb vied for control the oil in persia

163
Q

qing dynasty’s hubris

A

-qing empreror thought that china had all they needed
-did not open china to foreign trade

164
Q

canton

A

-a system that controlled foreign trade
-confined it all the the trading port in canton

165
Q

century of humiliation

A

-chinas term for its first domination by imperialist from the first opium war to the comunist victory 1839-1949

166
Q

chinas’ trade imbalance with great biritan

A

-china was exporting more goods out into gb than gb was bringing in to china
-made more wealth for china nd more debt for gb

167
Q

opium solution

A

-gb needed something that would fix the trade imbalance btwn them and china (smth they would need)
-they began to smuggle opium into the country
-they got a whole country adddicted

168
Q

opium wars and their outcome

A

-1839-1842
-won by gb after destroying china’s fleet

169
Q

taiping rebellion

A

-revolt from the people of china
-leader believed he was the borther of Jesus and meant to bring peace to chian

170
Q

boxer rebellion

A

1899 beijing rebellion
-started a secret society that blamed all of chinas problems on missionaries and foreign troops
-rebellion ended by british troops

171
Q

open door policy

A

-policy proposed by US
-all nations would have equal opportunites to trade in china

172
Q

admiral matthew perry’s black ships

A

-american fleet came into tokyo bay and said taht japan had to open trade
one of the causes of the meiji resotration

173
Q

meiji resotration

A

-modernization/industrialization of japan in 1800s

174
Q

sino-japanese war

A

-war between china and japan
-japan wanted new markets and natural resources
-ended with treaty of portsmouth
-granted japan chinesse port access, control of manchuria, island of sakhalin, and a protectorate of korea

175
Q

russo-japanese war

A

-conflict between russians and japan inn 1904-1905
-both counries wanted manchuria and korea
-showed tha japan was a force to be dealt with

176
Q

british east india company

A

-joint stock company
-controlled most of india

177
Q

jewel in the crown

A

-what gb called india bc it was the most valuable imperialistic colony they had

178
Q

sepoys

A

-indian troops hired by the eic

179
Q

sepoy mutiny

A

-rebellion of hindu and muslim soldiers against eic and british citizens
-it was bc of racial and religious ignorance

180
Q

ghandi

A

-political and spiritual leader of the idnain drive fore independence from gb

181
Q

tzar alexander II

A

-russian tzar who attempted to reform
-“the emancipator” (set serfs free)
-led to his assasination by the people’s will

182
Q

tzar nicholas II

A

-autocrat in russia during WW1
-took the side of the germans in the balkan conflict
-son had hemophilia
-wife gave rasputin lots of power
-abdicated throne during russian revolutoins and was assasinated

183
Q

despotism

A

-exercise of absolute power
-especially in a cruel or excessive way

184
Q

father gapon (bloody sunday)

A

-led a revolt against the tzar of russia in 1905
-ended with russian guards shooting ht rioters

185
Q

repressive rule

A

-govt that stops new and radical ideas form being heard ussually thorugh imprisonment or death

186
Q

pogroms

A

-organized violence against jews, especially in russia

187
Q

rasputin

A

-russian monk
-able to influence russian politics by gaining the confidenceof czarina bc he seemed to bee able to help tzar nicholas son with his hemophilia

188
Q

trans siberrian railroad

A

-contructed in the 1870s to connect russia and urope with the pacidfic
-completed by the 1880s
-borught russia into a more acive asian role

189
Q

lenin

A

-created the first communist party in russia
-set up wrolds first communist party dictatorship
-led the october revolutoin of 1917
-rule dhte country until his death in 1924

190
Q

anastasia

A

-youngest of the romanov family
-rumored that hse survived

191
Q

militarims

A

-policy of glroyfying military power
-keeping a standing army to always be prepared for war

192
Q

the alliance structure of europe

A

-forcus was not to bring peace but ot deter other couttnries from going to war

193
Q

nationalism

A

-a storng feeling of devotion or pride in ones country

194
Q

pan slavic movement

A

-movement advocation for the unification of slavic nations and people

195
Q

kaiser whilhelm

A

-emperor of germany during WWI

196
Q

gavrilo pricipe and the black hand

A

-man who was responsible for the kiling of archduke franz ferdinand
-was part of the black hand

197
Q

archduke franz ferdinand

A

-heir to the austria-hungarian throne
-was assasinated in sarajevo, leading to WW1

198
Q

great war

A

-1914-1918
-involved all of europe
-many ;eople were slaughterd
-there was mass devastation
-economic collapse, misery, and social disruptino

199
Q

allies in WWI (entente)

A

-gb
-france
-russia

200
Q

central powers in WWi

A

-germany
-austria hungary
-ottoman empire

201
Q

western front in WWI

A

-germany vs. france and gb
-trench warfare
-small lang gains
-ended in a bloody stalemate

202
Q

eastern front in WWI

A

-germany, austria-hungary, and turks vs. serbs and russia
-no trenches
-large land gains

203
Q

schlieffen plan

A

-attack plan by th egermans
-sweep through belgium to attack france
-though russia would take longer to mobilize thier troops
-diidnt want to fight on two fronts at once
-it faled and made them look brutal

204
Q

stalemate

A

-situation when no progress is made

205
Q

trench warfare

A

-opposing troops firght form trenches facing each other

206
Q

gallipoli

A

-british military attack in 1915 against ottoman empire
-mission failed with high casualities by the british
-winston churchill sent men into battle to their deaths and felt so bad that he gave up being a genreal

207
Q

battle fot he somme

A

-began on july 1 1916
-allies only cattpuresda few km of territory
-1.25 million casualities
-british used tank for hte first time inhitory

208
Q

the lusitania

A

-passenger ship sunk by germany
-had american and british passenger s on it
-one of the factors tha contributed to america joining in WWI

209
Q

unrestricted submarine warfare

A

-germany’s policy of sinking ships iwth thier u-boats that carried war materials

210
Q

the sussex pledge

A

-enacted after the sinking of the french baot sussex
-germany promised not to sink eney boast without warming
-allies had to modify thier illegal blockade

211
Q

zimmerman note

A

-sent to mexico by germany
-tried to convince them to declar was on us
-was intercepted and decoded
-one of the factors in getting us into war

212
Q

AEF

A

-american expeditionary forcces
-first american ground troops to reach the european front
-commanded by pershing
-began arriving in france in the summer of 1917

213
Q

total war

A

-participating countries devote all their resources to war

214
Q

propoganda

A

-used techniques to persuade people to belieffve buy or do something

215
Q

armistice

A

a truce for a time

216
Q

reparations

A

-germany force to pay fines to the allies for cost of the war as aprt of treaty of versailles
-opposed by us
-germany wen tinto a dpression

217
Q

president wilson’s 14 points

A

-focused on establishing peace after WWI and a balance of power

218
Q

george clemenceau

A

-french prime minister in the last years of WWI
-pushed for heavy reparations against germans
-wanted to make germans suffer and break germany uup

219
Q

david lloyd george

A

-britains prime minister at the endof WWI
-goal was to make germany pay for other countries war losses

220
Q

treaty of versailles

A

-treaty that ended WWI
-forced blame on germany and other allies

221
Q

leauge of nations

A

-rpoposed by prsident wilson
-established in treaty of versaille in 1919
-america did not want to join depsite wilsons pelas

222
Q

5 causes of WWI

A

-militarism
-allainces
-nationalism
-imperialsim
-assasination of franz ferdinand

223
Q

powder keg of europe

A

-balkans
-had a long history of nationalist uprisings

224
Q

old regime of france

A

-politifcal and social stystem of france prior to french revolution
-everyone was a subject of the king
-estate system

225
Q

estates general

A

-assembly of representatives from al three estates of social classes in france

226
Q

frances’ third estate

A

-98% of the population
-bourgeoise to peasants

227
Q

bourgeoise in france

A

-middle class in france
-included mercahnts, industrialists, and professtional ppl

228
Q

louis XVI

A

-king of france
-killed by the guillotine in the french revolution

229
Q

marie antionette

A

-queen of france during the reign of terror
-married to louis the XVI
-tried to escape france but got caught and was forced to live in versailles
-eventually executed

230
Q

jacobins

A

-most radical french republicans during tthe revolution
-led by robespierre from 1793-1784

231
Q

2declaraition of the rights of man and citizens

A

-statment of fudemental political rights adopted by the french national assemly at the beggginning of the french revolution

232
Q

girondinists

A

-moderate republican group that fought for control during the french national convention in 1793
-teydid not want to kill louis XVI

233
Q

sans cullotes

A

-radical group of wrokgin class
-wanted a greater voice in govt and higher wages

234
Q

reign of terror

A

-thousands executed for “treason” or being precieved as anti-revolution
-robespierre was the leader but eventually a victim himselff

235
Q

robespierre

A

-leader of the committe of public saftey
-architect of the reign of terror

236
Q

madame la guillotine

A

-personification of the guillotine
-used to execute french aristocrats

237
Q

committee of public safety

A

-led by robespierre
-goal was to protect the revolution butt they really ended up producing chaos and fear
-ended up killing over 20,000 ppl

238
Q

secularizing france

A

-changedd days from 7 to 10 in a week so ppl couldn tknow which was sunday
-cnahged names of months in a year
-replacesd God with “virtue” or “reason”
-kicked church out of france

239
Q

directory

A

-5 person comitte that replaceed committe for public saftey
-only lasted four years bc they became corrupt
-napoleon saved them only to oust them

240
Q

napoleons early career

A

-successful in military school
-rose in the ranks of the artiliery
-had success in austria, prussia, and egypt
-later beaten by british in egypt

241
Q

napoleons coup de tat

A

-overthrw directory and replaced it with a three person executive branch
-reformed law codes, established voting rights, created national banck, reformed education

242
Q

napoleons coronoation

A

-decided to rule france as its emperor
-took the crown from the pope and named himself king in 1803
-indicated he was more powerful than the pope

243
Q

napoleons reign as king

A

-became authoritarian ruler who placed many of his brothers/family members of thas the rulers of other european countires
-increased male suffrage and reformed las

244
Q

napoleonic codes

A

-system of laws established for france by napoleon
–made all french citizens equla under law
-establihed principle that people were guilty until proven innocent

245
Q

napoleons changes to francce

A

-reformed laws and education
-brought back religion
-however ruled wo voice of people

246
Q

countires napoleon conquered

A

-spain
-italy
-austria
-poland
-german states
-switzerland
-denmark
-norway

247
Q

battle fo trafaglar

A

-naval battle where napoleons forces were defeated by the british

248
Q

napoleons exiles

A

-island of elba

249
Q

hundred days

A

-period of time when napoleon returned from exile and made his last bid for power

250
Q

wnapoleons russian campaign

A

–failed campaign bc of russias scrohec earth policy, harsh russian winter, and starvattion of the toops

251
Q

contentinal system

A

-napoleon’s effort to bblockforeign trade with england by forbidding british imports in europe

252
Q

battle of waterloo

A

june 8 1815
-napeoleon met his final defeat at hte hands of duke fo wellington

253
Q

congress of vienna

A

-meeting of european monrachs
-called to reestablish pre-napoleon europe after his defeat

254
Q

metternich of austira

A

led congress of vienna

255
Q

talleyrand

A

-french representatavve at the congress of vienna

256
Q

duke of wellington

A

-led troops against napoleonc in battle of waterloo

history (7 decks)

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