history final Flashcards
agricultural revolution
-increase in agricultural production
-new technology, selective breeding, etc. made farming/ feeding people easier and faster
enclosure movement
-landowners closed off their estates
-lords wanted commoners off their land
-bought land from small farmers
-caused the urbanization bc commoners were forced to move and find new jobs
jethro tull
-helped form agricultural revolution
-created seed drill
-planted seeds and covered them with dirt
crop rotation
-europe started doing it in the agricultural revolution
-rotating which crops you plant to replenish the nutrients in the soil
industrialization
-the development of industries in a country on a wide scale
factors of production in the industrial revolution
-land
-labor
-capital
industrial revolution
-period of rapid growth of the use of machines in manufacturing and production
-began in mid 1700s
-radically changed society
john kay
-invented the flying shuttle
richard arkwright
-invented the water frame
-english
-most successful textile manufacturer
james hargreaves
-invented the spinning jenny
edmund cartwright
-invented the power loom
james watt
-improved newcomen’s steam engine to power machinery
george stephenson
-created the “rocket” train
-first steam-powered passenger railway in 1825
spinning jenny
-like a spinning wheel but can spin more than one thread at a time
-james hargreaves made the machine and patented it
-it could spin 16 threads at one time
water frame
-powered by water
-turned out yarn much faster than spinning wheels
-led to development of mechanized looms
-created by richard arkwright
steam engine
-turns energy released by burning fuel into motion
-thomas newcomen built the first model
-james watt improved it vastly
-after watt it was incorporated into machinery
power loom
-operated mechanically
-powered by water
-changed workers job from running loom to watching loom
-sped up production of textiles
-created by edward cartwright
the rocket locomotive
-created by george stephenson
-traveled 40 miles in 1 and 1/2 hours
-caused 15,000 miles of railroad tracks to be built
significance of steam power
-increased speed of work
-created automatic power source
-allowed goods and workers to be transported across long distances quickly
significance of factories
-consolidated workforce
-created a single place where goods were produced start to finish
-created great wealth for owners
-created opportunity for owners to abuse/exploit workers
significance of railroads
-connected the country
-helped farmers/ranchers in the west
-caused major growth in some cities
-destruction of native american and cowboy lifestyle
-rr became powerful due to land grants
importance of manchester, uk
-leading cotton and textile production center in britain
causes of migration to the cities
-changes in farming
-rise in population
-need for workers
-enclosure movement
urbanization
-increase in percentage of people living in urban areas
unpreparedness of cities for mass migration
-lack of adequate housing
-lack of sanitation
-lack of public transportation
-all combined to make cities a disease hub
population increase
-bc of agricultural revolution more people were able to be fed
-being fed better means living longer
-living longer means having more children
rise of the middle class
-as cities grew merchants explored new jobs
-workers demanded more money for their labor
-aka bourgeousie
rise of the working class
-aka proletariat
-industrial economy relied on thousands of workers
-usually whole families were part of the workforce together
-shift from agricultural economy to industrial shifted people who worked on farms to be a working class
wealth gap
-difference in incomes/assets
-gap between rich and poor was increased during industrial revolution
jose morales
-preist who tried to carry revolution forward after father hidalgo
irish potato famine
-famine in 1845
-main source of nutrition for irish, potatoes was destroyed by disease
-irish grew other crops but biritan required them to export those
-people either migrated or died
-caused by lack of variety in potato crop and lack of british concern
adam smith
-scottish economist
-wrote wealth of nations
-introduced the world to the idea of capitalism
-believed in laissez-faire
wealth of nations
-book by adam smith
-introduced capitalism
capitalism
-factors of production are privately owned rather than stately owned
positive consequences of industrial revolution
-increase material wealth
-made products cheaper at a faster paced
-created an environment of creativity
-education
-eventual betterment of work conditions
laissez-faire
-policy of letting things take their own course without interference
thomas malthus
-eighteenth century english intellectual
-warned population growth threatened future generations
-argued that diesases/wars were needed
-wrote “an essay on the principle of population”
jeremy bentham
-british theorist and philosopher
-proposed ultiliarianism
utiliarianism
-people should judge things based on their usefulness
-governments should operate to bring the greates good to the greatest number of people
john stuart mills
-naturalist
-former member of parliament
-founder of utiliarianism
-fought for women’s rights
-wrote on liberty
pace of life
-used to be based off of hours of daylight
-was slower paced
-work was based off of when it was done
-after industrial revolution bc of lightbulb it was based off of set hours
-culture became efficiency based and was faster paced
-with inventions people could get things done faster, get places faster, etc.
child labor
-children were viewed as workers
-children worked on farms prior to the industrial revolution but there werent as many risks involved
on liberty
-written by john stuart mills
utopian socialism
-ideal society based on socialist ideas
-capitalists surrender means of production to the people peacefully
robert owen
-improved working conditions
-attempted to create utopia in indiana
-set up model community at his cotton mill in scotland
socialism
-political and economic theory of social organization
-argues that the means of production should be owned by the community as a whole
communism
-political thoery derived from karl marx
-advocated for a class war which led to a society where property is publicly owned
-each person is paid/given jobs based on their abilities and needs
karl marx
-father of communism
-19th century philosopher and economic theorist
-beleived that communism would replace capitalism
communist manifesto
-book written in 1848 by karl marx and fredreich engels
-urged workers to rise up and seize means of produciton from upper and middle classes
unions
-an association of workers
-formed to fargain wages and working conditions
-sometimes participated in strikes
strikes
factory act of 1819
-restricted working agea nd hours for children
-said that children undre 9 could not work
-children 9-13 had to work partime and go to shcool part time
reform act of 1832
-increased suffrage
-eliminated rotten and pocket boroughs
-gave middle class men the right to vote (left working class men dissapointed)
chartist movement
-19th century british citizens demanded reforms in parliament and elections
-ex. right to vote for all men
married women’s property act of 1882
-allowed married women to own and control property
abolition of slavery
-william wilberforce fought to abolish it first in the trade, then slavery in britain as a whole, then i the colonies
-officially ended in 1807
william wilberforce
-british statesmen and reformer
-leader of the abolitionsit movement in english parliament
mary wollstonecraft
-birtish feminist of the 18th century
-argued women’s equality with men
-wroe vindication of the rights of women in 1792
women’s suffarge movement
-womens right to vote
industrial revolutions impact on the arts
-new styles developed
-ex. impressionism , realism, romanticism
charles dickens
-english writer
-novels depicted and criticized social injustice
realism
-natural and real work depicted in the sense that it actually happened
jules verne
-sci fi author of the 19th century
-wrote journey to the center of the earth and twenty thousand leauges under the sea
photography
-the art of taking pcitures with a camera
-names after tthe original rpoceess of shining light to reveal the image on special paper
-helped incrase realism bc you cant put as much pov into a photograph as you can a painting of an event
-ex. crimean war (shattered the illusion that war was glorious)
mozart
-composer from autria
-knownfor classsical nw style
-child prodigy
romanticism
-reflected deep interests in nature and the thoughs/feelings of the inducvidal
-in music the compoer celebrated herosim and national pride
-ex beethoven
victor hugo
-french writer
-best known novels are hunchback of notre dame and les misreablees
mary shelley
-wrote in romantic tstyle
-author of frankenstien
percy bysshe shelly
-most ffamous romantic poet
-wrote ozmandias
chopin
-romantic composer
wagner
-german romantic composer of operas
-created music drama
-combines music, spectacle, and drama
impressionism
-artistic movement
-sought to capture atristic impression or momentary feel of the piee they were drawing
monet
-fernch painter
-used time of impressionism called super realism
degas
-french painter-impressionism
-did horses and ballet dancers
debussy
-impressionist composer
thomas edison
-american inventor
-best known for lightbulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders and motion pictures
marconi gugilemo
-inventor of the radio
orville and wilbur wright
-developed the first working plane at kitty hawk nc
alexander graham bell
-inventor of the telephone
henry ford
-american manufacturer of automobiles
-pioneerd mass production of cars through the assembly line
assembly lines
-improved productivity by using intercchangalbe parts nd craft production
louis pasteur
-french chemist
-discoverred heat could kill bacteria tha would othersie spoil milk, wime , beer, etc.
dmitri mendeleev
-russian chemist
-created periodic table
-predicted discovery of more elements in the future
marie and pierre curie
-discovered polonium and radium
ernest rutherford
discovered that the atom had a nucleus
nells bohr
-built on rutherfords work
-devleoped the planetary model of the atom in 1913
-said taht electrons are in energy levels
-the farther n electron is away from the nucleus the higher its energy is
max plank
-said that a heated body doesnt radiate energy in a steady stream but spits it out in chunks called quanta
-quantum theory questioned the old views of atoms based on newtonian physics
ivan pavlov
-discovered classical conditioning
-trianed dogs to salivate at hte ringing of a bell
charles darwin
-english natural sientist ho discored the theory of evoluion through natural selection
the beagle
-darwin went on a voyage around the world in this cship-only on board fo 18 mo
the origin of species
-charles darwins book
-explained that various species evolve over time and only those wiht advantages can survive an drepoduce
theory of evolution
-states that evolutionary change comes thorugh variation in each generation and differential survival of the individuals wih these characteristics
august comte
-father of sociology
emile zola
-gaint of the realism movement
-accuesd the french government of anti-semitism and unlawful jailing of alfred dreyfus in his piecej’acuse
gustave flaubert
-french author
wrote madame bovary which was the fisrrt major realist novel
leo tolstoy
-russian writer of realistic fiction
-annakerenina, wra and peace
war and peace
-draws from journals, letters, and historical reports of the napoleonic invation of russia
-through the eeyes of five russian aristocratic families
alfred dreyfus
-french soldier and victim of antisemitism
–acccused of treason and jialed on devils island
-later found innocent byb french govt
antisemitism
-hostility of prejudice against jews
antisemitism and evolutionary theory
-anti-semit. was given rising validity bc of the thoery that they were a lesser race anad should be erradicated
the pale
-rusian govt prohiited jews from living outside of the pale region
george sand
-french female author
-took up a man’s name and dressed liek a man to rpotest the different treatment of women
infant custody act of 1839
-allowed mothers to have custody of their children after a divorce
on the subjugation of women
-book by john stuart mills
-said that womena nd men are equal
-socitey forces women to adapt ann inferior role
emmeline goulden pankhurst
-british activist
-leader of the suffragette movement
concert of europe
-sereies of alliances between european countries in the 19th ccentury
-resulted from the congress of vienna
-created to prevent uuprisings
conservatism
-based on tradition
-favored political authority and organized religion
liberalism
-govt should and can achieve justice and equality of opportunity
(wants change but also to keep some of the old)
radicals
-wanted to change everything
-burn it all down and start new
bonds that create a nation
-culturelimit public assembles
-history
-language
-territory
-nationality
-reliigion
imperial measures to supress nationalism
-address dissenters
-limit public assemblies
-address dissent with mmiliaty actions
napoleon III
-nephew of emerpor napoleon I
-dedicated his exiled youth to planning for his family’s return to power
-knew how to work the system of democracy to his advantage/ knew what he had to do to get power
-elected first president of france and then declared himself emperor one year later
middle class in 19th century revolutions
-social class made up of buisness professionals, skilled workers, and wealthy farmers
german unificantion
-bismark used 3 wars between 1864 and 1871 to unite germany
-he united them under the motto “blood and iron”
otto von bismarck
-chancellow of prussia from 1862 to 1871
-then became chancellor of germany
-conservative nationalist
-led prussia to victory over austria
-responsible for the creation of the german empire
realpolitick
-otto von bismark’s policy
-practicle politics
-no ideals or moral principles behind actions, just what is practicle
blood and iron
-bismark’s policy of using warfare against his enemies as a means of unifying the nation of germany
-in a famous speech he gave
franco prussian war
-war bttwn prussia and france
-led to unification of germany
-led by kaiser william I
-instigated by bismark
-france was led by napoleon III
-ended with the treaty of frankfurt
-france surrendered territories of alasace and lorraine to germany
greeces independence movement
-greeks lived under the domination of the ottoman empire but kept a common identity bc of language and religion
-1821 they revolted against the turks
-were backed by gb, france, and russia
-defeated turks by 1830
-put a german prince on greek throne by 1832
monroe doctrine
-american foreign policy opposng interference iwth western conflicts
geopolitical hotspot
-a location of political importance
-many countries fight ot obtain it
-ex. dardenelles, constantinople, suez canal
russian decembrist revolution
-revolution in 1825
-ppl tried to overthrow nicholas I
ottoman empire
-islamic state founded after the fall of the byzantine empire
-based in constantinople/istabul
-encompassed middle east, north africa, caucasus, and eastern europe
crimean war
-frst war to be photographed
-war fought btwn the russian empire, and an allaince of gb, france and the ottoman empire
-russians lost
thin red line
-last line of british defense in the crimean war
-held the line and beat back the russians
charge of the light brigade
-calvary was told incorrect info in the battle of balaclava
-they ran into a barrage of canons leading to thier deaths
fall of metternich
-because of the revolutions of 1848 francis II of austria and metternich were forced to leave vienna by liberal mobs
home rule
-local self gov
british commonwealth of nations
-group of countries/territors that are/were ruled by gb and arewere equal parteners iwth gb
new zealand
-colony of gbb that granted women universal suffrage
maori
-new zealand indigenous culture
-est. ~800 ce
austrailias formation
-immigrants came to austrialia from british prisons to lessen the criminal pop in gb
-worked herding sheep
women’s suffarge in 19th century revolutions
-movement in the 1880s
-sought to challenge the legal, economic, and political rights of women in america and europe
-it was an extension of enlightenment ideas onto women
-women eventually got the right to vote and have a job
irish home rule
-ireland wanted to govern itself free from britsh rule (have home rule)
-gb finally gave them self-rule but the catholics and protestants did not get along
-issues were not addressed until after WW1
garibaldi
-italian patriot
-conquest of siciliy and napels led to the formation of the italian state
italian unification
-in 1848 italy was split into many states
-cavor worked to unify the nother
-helped garibaldi unify the south
-garibaldi eventually handed it all over to king of sardania vicotor emmanuel II
nationalisms unifying abiliity
-some nations found thier identity in unification liek italy and germany
nationism separating ability
-some found their identity in separating ex. belgium, greece
spanish colonies
-mexico
-venezuela
-peru
-chile
-haiti
-colombia
-argentina
-paraguay
division of latin american socitey
-peninsulares (spanish born)
-creoles (descendants of spanish born but born in la)
-mestizos (mixed)
-indigenous
haitain revolution
-toussaint l’overture led the uprising
-succesfully overthrew french govt
-first black govt set up
-us was weary to support but evntually ended up doing it
france’s rescinding its abolition of slavery
-declaration of the rights of man and citizen had abolish slavery
-napoleon reinstated it in the colonies
france’s response to haitian independence
-france tricked l’overture and imprisoned him
-congress of vienna forced france to withdraw their troops from haiti
simon bolivar
-mvp in gaining independence in south america
-born in venezuela
-led military forces there, colombia, ecuadro, peru, bolivia
-called “el libertador”
jose de san martin
-south american statesman and general
-born in argentina
-leader in winning independence for peru, argentina, and chile
mexican independence
-preists hidalgo and morales led violent rebellion that were crushed by loyalists
-second revolt was led by agustin de iturbide and won independencee
padre hidalgo
-lived in a small town in mexico
-led 80,000 peasants in a revlot
-they were defeated and he died
scramble for africa
-sudden wave of conquests in africa by european powers in 1880s-1890s
-britain got most of eastern africa
-france got most of northwestern africa
-other countries like germany, belgium, portugal, italy, and spain got smaller territories
imperialism
-policy of extending a country’s and influence thorugh diplomacy or military force
racism
-beleif that one race is better than another
causes of imperialism
-search for raw materials/natural resources
-search for new markets
-spread christianity
-competition btwn powerful countries to get hte most land
-social darwinsim/racism
social darwinsim
-belief that only the fittest in human political and economic struggle
ethnocentrism
-belief in superiority of one’s own culture/nation/race
belgian congo
-leopold II took over and exploited it for resources
-he was supposed to be a trustee (bc of berlin act)
-instead violated agreement and took its resources
berlin conference
-meeting from 1884-1885
-representatives of european nations agreed on the rules of colonization of africa
boers
-dutch settlers in south africa
shaka zulu
-king of the zulu nation in south africa
-united area before qhite settlers moved in
cecil rhodes
-british entreprenuer and politician
-involved in british expansion form south africa into central africa
-wanted to connecct cairo with johanessburg
-colonies of south rhodesia and northern rhodesia were namesd after him
paternalism
-policy or practicee of treating people like you are their father and dealing with them like they arre their children
suez canal
-human made water way
-opened in 1869
-connected red sea and mediteranean sea
-british eventaully edged france out of control
ottoman empries decline
-too large
-fails to adopte western technology
-loses territory but lasts until WWI
persia durign the age of imperialsim
-both russia and gb vied for control the oil in persia
qing dynasty’s hubris
-qing empreror thought that china had all they needed
-did not open china to foreign trade
canton
-a system that controlled foreign trade
-confined it all the the trading port in canton
century of humiliation
-chinas term for its first domination by imperialist from the first opium war to the comunist victory 1839-1949
chinas’ trade imbalance with great biritan
-china was exporting more goods out into gb than gb was bringing in to china
-made more wealth for china nd more debt for gb
opium solution
-gb needed something that would fix the trade imbalance btwn them and china (smth they would need)
-they began to smuggle opium into the country
-they got a whole country adddicted
opium wars and their outcome
-1839-1842
-won by gb after destroying china’s fleet
taiping rebellion
-revolt from the people of china
-leader believed he was the borther of Jesus and meant to bring peace to chian
boxer rebellion
1899 beijing rebellion
-started a secret society that blamed all of chinas problems on missionaries and foreign troops
-rebellion ended by british troops
open door policy
-policy proposed by US
-all nations would have equal opportunites to trade in china
admiral matthew perry’s black ships
-american fleet came into tokyo bay and said taht japan had to open trade
one of the causes of the meiji resotration
meiji resotration
-modernization/industrialization of japan in 1800s
sino-japanese war
-war between china and japan
-japan wanted new markets and natural resources
-ended with treaty of portsmouth
-granted japan chinesse port access, control of manchuria, island of sakhalin, and a protectorate of korea
russo-japanese war
-conflict between russians and japan inn 1904-1905
-both counries wanted manchuria and korea
-showed tha japan was a force to be dealt with
british east india company
-joint stock company
-controlled most of india
jewel in the crown
-what gb called india bc it was the most valuable imperialistic colony they had
sepoys
-indian troops hired by the eic
sepoy mutiny
-rebellion of hindu and muslim soldiers against eic and british citizens
-it was bc of racial and religious ignorance
ghandi
-political and spiritual leader of the idnain drive fore independence from gb
tzar alexander II
-russian tzar who attempted to reform
-“the emancipator” (set serfs free)
-led to his assasination by the people’s will
tzar nicholas II
-autocrat in russia during WW1
-took the side of the germans in the balkan conflict
-son had hemophilia
-wife gave rasputin lots of power
-abdicated throne during russian revolutoins and was assasinated
despotism
-exercise of absolute power
-especially in a cruel or excessive way
father gapon (bloody sunday)
-led a revolt against the tzar of russia in 1905
-ended with russian guards shooting ht rioters
repressive rule
-govt that stops new and radical ideas form being heard ussually thorugh imprisonment or death
pogroms
-organized violence against jews, especially in russia
rasputin
-russian monk
-able to influence russian politics by gaining the confidenceof czarina bc he seemed to bee able to help tzar nicholas son with his hemophilia
trans siberrian railroad
-contructed in the 1870s to connect russia and urope with the pacidfic
-completed by the 1880s
-borught russia into a more acive asian role
lenin
-created the first communist party in russia
-set up wrolds first communist party dictatorship
-led the october revolutoin of 1917
-rule dhte country until his death in 1924
anastasia
-youngest of the romanov family
-rumored that hse survived
militarims
-policy of glroyfying military power
-keeping a standing army to always be prepared for war
the alliance structure of europe
-forcus was not to bring peace but ot deter other couttnries from going to war
nationalism
-a storng feeling of devotion or pride in ones country
pan slavic movement
-movement advocation for the unification of slavic nations and people
kaiser whilhelm
-emperor of germany during WWI
gavrilo pricipe and the black hand
-man who was responsible for the kiling of archduke franz ferdinand
-was part of the black hand
archduke franz ferdinand
-heir to the austria-hungarian throne
-was assasinated in sarajevo, leading to WW1
great war
-1914-1918
-involved all of europe
-many ;eople were slaughterd
-there was mass devastation
-economic collapse, misery, and social disruptino
allies in WWI (entente)
-gb
-france
-russia
central powers in WWi
-germany
-austria hungary
-ottoman empire
western front in WWI
-germany vs. france and gb
-trench warfare
-small lang gains
-ended in a bloody stalemate
eastern front in WWI
-germany, austria-hungary, and turks vs. serbs and russia
-no trenches
-large land gains
schlieffen plan
-attack plan by th egermans
-sweep through belgium to attack france
-though russia would take longer to mobilize thier troops
-diidnt want to fight on two fronts at once
-it faled and made them look brutal
stalemate
-situation when no progress is made
trench warfare
-opposing troops firght form trenches facing each other
gallipoli
-british military attack in 1915 against ottoman empire
-mission failed with high casualities by the british
-winston churchill sent men into battle to their deaths and felt so bad that he gave up being a genreal
battle fot he somme
-began on july 1 1916
-allies only cattpuresda few km of territory
-1.25 million casualities
-british used tank for hte first time inhitory
the lusitania
-passenger ship sunk by germany
-had american and british passenger s on it
-one of the factors tha contributed to america joining in WWI
unrestricted submarine warfare
-germany’s policy of sinking ships iwth thier u-boats that carried war materials
the sussex pledge
-enacted after the sinking of the french baot sussex
-germany promised not to sink eney boast without warming
-allies had to modify thier illegal blockade
zimmerman note
-sent to mexico by germany
-tried to convince them to declar was on us
-was intercepted and decoded
-one of the factors in getting us into war
AEF
-american expeditionary forcces
-first american ground troops to reach the european front
-commanded by pershing
-began arriving in france in the summer of 1917
total war
-participating countries devote all their resources to war
propoganda
-used techniques to persuade people to belieffve buy or do something
armistice
a truce for a time
reparations
-germany force to pay fines to the allies for cost of the war as aprt of treaty of versailles
-opposed by us
-germany wen tinto a dpression
president wilson’s 14 points
-focused on establishing peace after WWI and a balance of power
george clemenceau
-french prime minister in the last years of WWI
-pushed for heavy reparations against germans
-wanted to make germans suffer and break germany uup
david lloyd george
-britains prime minister at the endof WWI
-goal was to make germany pay for other countries war losses
treaty of versailles
-treaty that ended WWI
-forced blame on germany and other allies
leauge of nations
-rpoposed by prsident wilson
-established in treaty of versaille in 1919
-america did not want to join depsite wilsons pelas
5 causes of WWI
-militarism
-allainces
-nationalism
-imperialsim
-assasination of franz ferdinand
powder keg of europe
-balkans
-had a long history of nationalist uprisings
old regime of france
-politifcal and social stystem of france prior to french revolution
-everyone was a subject of the king
-estate system
estates general
-assembly of representatives from al three estates of social classes in france
frances’ third estate
-98% of the population
-bourgeoise to peasants
bourgeoise in france
-middle class in france
-included mercahnts, industrialists, and professtional ppl
louis XVI
-king of france
-killed by the guillotine in the french revolution
marie antionette
-queen of france during the reign of terror
-married to louis the XVI
-tried to escape france but got caught and was forced to live in versailles
-eventually executed
jacobins
-most radical french republicans during tthe revolution
-led by robespierre from 1793-1784
2declaraition of the rights of man and citizens
-statment of fudemental political rights adopted by the french national assemly at the beggginning of the french revolution
girondinists
-moderate republican group that fought for control during the french national convention in 1793
-teydid not want to kill louis XVI
sans cullotes
-radical group of wrokgin class
-wanted a greater voice in govt and higher wages
reign of terror
-thousands executed for “treason” or being precieved as anti-revolution
-robespierre was the leader but eventually a victim himselff
robespierre
-leader of the committe of public saftey
-architect of the reign of terror
madame la guillotine
-personification of the guillotine
-used to execute french aristocrats
committee of public safety
-led by robespierre
-goal was to protect the revolution butt they really ended up producing chaos and fear
-ended up killing over 20,000 ppl
secularizing france
-changedd days from 7 to 10 in a week so ppl couldn tknow which was sunday
-cnahged names of months in a year
-replacesd God with “virtue” or “reason”
-kicked church out of france
directory
-5 person comitte that replaceed committe for public saftey
-only lasted four years bc they became corrupt
-napoleon saved them only to oust them
napoleons early career
-successful in military school
-rose in the ranks of the artiliery
-had success in austria, prussia, and egypt
-later beaten by british in egypt
napoleons coup de tat
-overthrw directory and replaced it with a three person executive branch
-reformed law codes, established voting rights, created national banck, reformed education
napoleons coronoation
-decided to rule france as its emperor
-took the crown from the pope and named himself king in 1803
-indicated he was more powerful than the pope
napoleons reign as king
-became authoritarian ruler who placed many of his brothers/family members of thas the rulers of other european countires
-increased male suffrage and reformed las
napoleonic codes
-system of laws established for france by napoleon
–made all french citizens equla under law
-establihed principle that people were guilty until proven innocent
napoleons changes to francce
-reformed laws and education
-brought back religion
-however ruled wo voice of people
countires napoleon conquered
-spain
-italy
-austria
-poland
-german states
-switzerland
-denmark
-norway
battle fo trafaglar
-naval battle where napoleons forces were defeated by the british
napoleons exiles
-island of elba
hundred days
-period of time when napoleon returned from exile and made his last bid for power
wnapoleons russian campaign
–failed campaign bc of russias scrohec earth policy, harsh russian winter, and starvattion of the toops
contentinal system
-napoleon’s effort to bblockforeign trade with england by forbidding british imports in europe
battle of waterloo
june 8 1815
-napeoleon met his final defeat at hte hands of duke fo wellington
congress of vienna
-meeting of european monrachs
-called to reestablish pre-napoleon europe after his defeat
metternich of austira
led congress of vienna
talleyrand
-french representatavve at the congress of vienna
duke of wellington
-led troops against napoleonc in battle of waterloo
