midterm Flashcards
what factors led to the church losing power (when talking about transitioning into the modern world)?
-the black death
-the crusades
-the western schism
-corruption within the church
how did the black death cause the church to lose power?
-priests stopped performing sacraments (especially those with death)
-they were looking out for their best interest
-by doing this they abandoned the people
-they were basically denying people passage into heaven
-people saw that this was not right and were angry with the church
how did the crusades cause the church to lose power?
-they called the crusades but had no victory
-if the church and pope were infallible why were they failing at claiming back the holy land?
-innocent people died
-lost defacto sovereignty
how did the western schism cause the church to lose power?
-lost internal authority because it was split between two heads
-if the pope was infallible, which one?
how was the church corrupt?
-selling of indulgences
-popes and priests had children
-church was extremely wealthy
did the church lose all of its influence after people transitioned into the modern world?
-no
-people were still catholic after this transition
-the divine right of kings during the age of absolutism also shows this
what does the name “the renaissance” mean?
-it means rebirth
-the renaissance was the rebirth of (classic) greek and roman culture
why was the renaissance so significant?
-it completely changed european culture
-it was a shift away from the church and towards secular values
-paved the way for the reformation, scientific revolution, etc.
who was petrach?
-father of humanism
-secular humanist
-brought back the ideas of plato and cicero
-poet during the renaissance era
who was machiavelli?
-wrote the prince
-secular humanist
-one of the first to separate politics from morality
-“it is better to be feared than to be loved, if one cannot be both”
who was da vinci?
-perfect renaissance man
-scientist and artist
-always looking to master something new
-made tons of famous pieces during the renaissance
-made mona lisa and last supper
who was michelangelo?
-renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, poet
-made sistine chapel and sculpture of david
who was donatello?
-renaissance/ italian sculptor
-made feast of herod, penitent magdalene, bronze david
who was raphael?
-renaissance/ italian painter and architect
-made lots of madonna paintings and portraits of people
who was remembrant?
-(renaissance) dutch printmaker and painter
-did lots of work with contrast/ light and dark that was popular in the renaissance
who was thomas more?
-english humanist and writer of utopia
-helped reform society in the renaissance through literature
who was christine de pizan?
-early feminist and renaissance thinker
-said that women could be virtuous leaders and rational beings
-wrote important pieces of feminist literature, including the book of the city of ladies
who was erasmus?
-father of christian humanism, sometimes called father of the reformation
-sought to reform the church within its structure
-dutch writer
-wrote the praise of folly
-advocate for education
who were humanists?
-people who rejected the church’s teachings about everyday life
-were often people who were wealthy bankers or lived in luxury
-experienced the benefit of individual effort
what were the characteristics of renaissance art?
-realism and expression
-perspective and pov
-classicism (greek and roman idea of a perfect body)
-emphasis on individualism
-geometrical arrangement of figures
who were the mughals?
-multi-ethnic religiously tolerant gunpowder empire
-exhibited legitimacy
-significant rulers were babur, akbar, shah jahan, and aurangzeb
who were the ottomans?
-gunpowder empire
-most significant ruler was suleiman
who was babur?
-mughal ruler
-descendant of genghis khan
-known for his organizational skills
-conquered territory
-used “gun carts”
who was akbar?
-grandson of babur
-mughal ruler
-created policies of religious toleration
-outlawed taxation because of religion
-expanded empire
-had both legitimacy (made people feel included) and sovereignty
who was shah jahan?
-mughal ruler
-muslim but was religiously tolerant
-created the peacock throne
-mughal empire reached its height during his reign
-built taj mahal (bankrupted his country)
who was aurangzeb?
-son of shah jahan
-fought his three brothers for the throne
-imprisoned his father and tried to get the empire back after bankrupcy
-revoked policies of religious tolerance
-lost mughal legitimacy
who was suleiman?
-ottoman ruler
-brought the ottoman empire to its golden age
-had areas that everyone wanted to control (geopolitical player)
-had a special honorific at the end of his signature
-shifted his law code
-made laws of religious tolerance
what is sovereignty?
-defines the nature of the state
-they HOW they rule/ obtain power
-ex. suleiman shifting law code
-ex. akbar making laws for religious tolerance
what are the types of sovereignty?
-legal
-political
-internal
-external
-de facto
what is legitmacy?
-describes why a sovereign has the power to rule
-the WHY people follow them
-ex. sulieman giving tax breaks
-ex. akbar encouraging religious tolerance
what are factors that can influence legitimacy?
-cultural practices are similar
-performance by leadership
-stability of government
-economic gains for the people
-good laws
-similar religion or religious tolerance
how did sulieman try to create legitimacy?
-he allowed for religious tolerance
-this was unheard of at the time
-also modernized his law code
-used devshirme which gave the people an advantage but him a bargaining chip
how was suleiman like cyrus the great?
-ruled the same area
-made laws/ law code
-religiously tolerant
how did the mughals lose their legitimacy?
-shah jahan built taj mahal
-this bankrupted the mughals
-he tried to tax the country back to health
-his son imprisoned him and overtook the throne because he saw he wasn’t ruling well
-he revoked religious toleration and was constantly at war
-this caused him to lose legitimacy and brought the mughals to their demise
who was zheng he?
-the chinese model for exploration- shock and awe
-went on “treasure voyages”
-he was commissioned by ming empereor yongle to reinforce china’s authority
-these were designed to overwhelm the nations he encountered
who was prince henry the navigator?
-made a school for navigation in portugal
-established the portugese model for exploration
-establish a base of operations and trade from it
who was vasco de gama?
-first european to link europe to asia with an ocean route
-opened the way for portugal to establish a long lasting colonial empire
who was bartolomeu dias?
-first european to round the cape of good hope
who were queen isabella and king ferdinand?
-rulers of spain
-sponsored efforts of colonization/ exploration for spain
-sponsored christopher colombus
who was colombus?
-an italian sailor
-went to portugal to try to find a trade route to india for them but they turned him down and he went to spain
-landed on san salvador
-claimed the land for spain but didn’t return with gold
-first to colonize foreign land
-made viceroy of the lands he discovered
-took more trips to the new world/ conquered more lands
what was the colombian exchange?
-exchange of european and new world diseases, people, foods, animals, etc.
-had pros and cons
-europe gained corn and potatoes which increased population and nutrition
-america gained work animals/ farm animals like chickens, cows, horses, etc.
-brought over diseases natives were not exposed to
-decimated their population
how did the spanish conquer the aztecs and who were they?
-natives in mexico
-ruler was montezuma
-capital was tenochtilan
-hernan cortez brought conquistadors with him and overwhelmed them
-the diseases hurt their population so they were easier to overcome
how did the spanish conquer the incas and who were they?
-native in peru
-leader was atahuapla
-pizarro and other spanish ambushed them and captured leader
-demanded ransom but when they recieved it killed him
who was hernan cortez?
-spanish conquistador
-conquered aztecs in 1519
who was francisco pizzaro?
-spanish conquistador
-conquered incas in 1532
what was the atlantic slave trade?
-after the colombian exchange many natives died
-europeans looked to africa for slaves to import to the americas
-african slaves already had immunity to european diseases
-this caused racism
-slave labor continued until 1865 in america
what was the encomienda system?
-way spanish divided up new land
-gave land to soldiers who had fought to conquer the land
-they were gifted plantations run by forced labor
-they were supposed to run them for the crown but ended up running them for themselves
-lots of corruption went on
how did the spanish justify they conquering of the native people to the natives and their own people?
-religion
-natives thought they were from heaven
-great commission
what were the three models for exploration?
-china: wow
-portugal: trade
-spanish: conquer and colonize
who was francis I?
-rival to charles V and henry VIII
-first european king to make an alliance with the ottomans
-taille: tax on land and property
-concordant of bologna: appointed bishops
