midterm Flashcards
what factors led to the church losing power (when talking about transitioning into the modern world)?
-the black death
-the crusades
-the western schism
-corruption within the church
how did the black death cause the church to lose power?
-priests stopped performing sacraments (especially those with death)
-they were looking out for their best interest
-by doing this they abandoned the people
-they were basically denying people passage into heaven
-people saw that this was not right and were angry with the church
how did the crusades cause the church to lose power?
-they called the crusades but had no victory
-if the church and pope were infallible why were they failing at claiming back the holy land?
-innocent people died
-lost defacto sovereignty
how did the western schism cause the church to lose power?
-lost internal authority because it was split between two heads
-if the pope was infallible, which one?
how was the church corrupt?
-selling of indulgences
-popes and priests had children
-church was extremely wealthy
did the church lose all of its influence after people transitioned into the modern world?
-no
-people were still catholic after this transition
-the divine right of kings during the age of absolutism also shows this
what does the name “the renaissance” mean?
-it means rebirth
-the renaissance was the rebirth of (classic) greek and roman culture
why was the renaissance so significant?
-it completely changed european culture
-it was a shift away from the church and towards secular values
-paved the way for the reformation, scientific revolution, etc.
who was petrach?
-father of humanism
-secular humanist
-brought back the ideas of plato and cicero
-poet during the renaissance era
who was machiavelli?
-wrote the prince
-secular humanist
-one of the first to separate politics from morality
-“it is better to be feared than to be loved, if one cannot be both”
who was da vinci?
-perfect renaissance man
-scientist and artist
-always looking to master something new
-made tons of famous pieces during the renaissance
-made mona lisa and last supper
who was michelangelo?
-renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, poet
-made sistine chapel and sculpture of david
who was donatello?
-renaissance/ italian sculptor
-made feast of herod, penitent magdalene, bronze david
who was raphael?
-renaissance/ italian painter and architect
-made lots of madonna paintings and portraits of people
who was remembrant?
-(renaissance) dutch printmaker and painter
-did lots of work with contrast/ light and dark that was popular in the renaissance
who was thomas more?
-english humanist and writer of utopia
-helped reform society in the renaissance through literature
who was christine de pizan?
-early feminist and renaissance thinker
-said that women could be virtuous leaders and rational beings
-wrote important pieces of feminist literature, including the book of the city of ladies
who was erasmus?
-father of christian humanism, sometimes called father of the reformation
-sought to reform the church within its structure
-dutch writer
-wrote the praise of folly
-advocate for education
who were humanists?
-people who rejected the church’s teachings about everyday life
-were often people who were wealthy bankers or lived in luxury
-experienced the benefit of individual effort
what were the characteristics of renaissance art?
-realism and expression
-perspective and pov
-classicism (greek and roman idea of a perfect body)
-emphasis on individualism
-geometrical arrangement of figures
who were the mughals?
-multi-ethnic religiously tolerant gunpowder empire
-exhibited legitimacy
-significant rulers were babur, akbar, shah jahan, and aurangzeb
who were the ottomans?
-gunpowder empire
-most significant ruler was suleiman
who was babur?
-mughal ruler
-descendant of genghis khan
-known for his organizational skills
-conquered territory
-used “gun carts”
who was akbar?
-grandson of babur
-mughal ruler
-created policies of religious toleration
-outlawed taxation because of religion
-expanded empire
-had both legitimacy (made people feel included) and sovereignty
who was shah jahan?
-mughal ruler
-muslim but was religiously tolerant
-created the peacock throne
-mughal empire reached its height during his reign
-built taj mahal (bankrupted his country)
who was aurangzeb?
-son of shah jahan
-fought his three brothers for the throne
-imprisoned his father and tried to get the empire back after bankrupcy
-revoked policies of religious tolerance
-lost mughal legitimacy
who was suleiman?
-ottoman ruler
-brought the ottoman empire to its golden age
-had areas that everyone wanted to control (geopolitical player)
-had a special honorific at the end of his signature
-shifted his law code
-made laws of religious tolerance
what is sovereignty?
-defines the nature of the state
-they HOW they rule/ obtain power
-ex. suleiman shifting law code
-ex. akbar making laws for religious tolerance
what are the types of sovereignty?
-legal
-political
-internal
-external
-de facto
what is legitmacy?
-describes why a sovereign has the power to rule
-the WHY people follow them
-ex. sulieman giving tax breaks
-ex. akbar encouraging religious tolerance
what are factors that can influence legitimacy?
-cultural practices are similar
-performance by leadership
-stability of government
-economic gains for the people
-good laws
-similar religion or religious tolerance
how did sulieman try to create legitimacy?
-he allowed for religious tolerance
-this was unheard of at the time
-also modernized his law code
-used devshirme which gave the people an advantage but him a bargaining chip
how was suleiman like cyrus the great?
-ruled the same area
-made laws/ law code
-religiously tolerant
how did the mughals lose their legitimacy?
-shah jahan built taj mahal
-this bankrupted the mughals
-he tried to tax the country back to health
-his son imprisoned him and overtook the throne because he saw he wasn’t ruling well
-he revoked religious toleration and was constantly at war
-this caused him to lose legitimacy and brought the mughals to their demise
who was zheng he?
-the chinese model for exploration- shock and awe
-went on “treasure voyages”
-he was commissioned by ming empereor yongle to reinforce china’s authority
-these were designed to overwhelm the nations he encountered
who was prince henry the navigator?
-made a school for navigation in portugal
-established the portugese model for exploration
-establish a base of operations and trade from it
who was vasco de gama?
-first european to link europe to asia with an ocean route
-opened the way for portugal to establish a long lasting colonial empire
who was bartolomeu dias?
-first european to round the cape of good hope
who were queen isabella and king ferdinand?
-rulers of spain
-sponsored efforts of colonization/ exploration for spain
-sponsored christopher colombus
who was colombus?
-an italian sailor
-went to portugal to try to find a trade route to india for them but they turned him down and he went to spain
-landed on san salvador
-claimed the land for spain but didn’t return with gold
-first to colonize foreign land
-made viceroy of the lands he discovered
-took more trips to the new world/ conquered more lands
what was the colombian exchange?
-exchange of european and new world diseases, people, foods, animals, etc.
-had pros and cons
-europe gained corn and potatoes which increased population and nutrition
-america gained work animals/ farm animals like chickens, cows, horses, etc.
-brought over diseases natives were not exposed to
-decimated their population
how did the spanish conquer the aztecs and who were they?
-natives in mexico
-ruler was montezuma
-capital was tenochtilan
-hernan cortez brought conquistadors with him and overwhelmed them
-the diseases hurt their population so they were easier to overcome
how did the spanish conquer the incas and who were they?
-native in peru
-leader was atahuapla
-pizarro and other spanish ambushed them and captured leader
-demanded ransom but when they recieved it killed him
who was hernan cortez?
-spanish conquistador
-conquered aztecs in 1519
who was francisco pizzaro?
-spanish conquistador
-conquered incas in 1532
what was the atlantic slave trade?
-after the colombian exchange many natives died
-europeans looked to africa for slaves to import to the americas
-african slaves already had immunity to european diseases
-this caused racism
-slave labor continued until 1865 in america
what was the encomienda system?
-way spanish divided up new land
-gave land to soldiers who had fought to conquer the land
-they were gifted plantations run by forced labor
-they were supposed to run them for the crown but ended up running them for themselves
-lots of corruption went on
how did the spanish justify they conquering of the native people to the natives and their own people?
-religion
-natives thought they were from heaven
-great commission
what were the three models for exploration?
-china: wow
-portugal: trade
-spanish: conquer and colonize
who was francis I?
-rival to charles V and henry VIII
-first european king to make an alliance with the ottomans
-taille: tax on land and property
-concordant of bologna: appointed bishops
who was catherine de medici?
-queen of france
-real power behind throne
-political survivor
-wife to henry II
-mother of three kings
-backed the guises and tried to destroy protestant leadership in st barthalomew’s day massacre
who was francis II?
-king of france
-son of francis I and catherine de medici
-married to mary queen of scots
-died in 1560
who was mary queen of scots?
-married to francis II
-queen of scotland
-phillip II wanted her to be queen of england over elizabeth
-because of this elizabeth chopped her head off
-this started the spanish armada
who was henry IV?
-bourbon and calvinist (huguenot)
-took the throne after catherine de medici
-was henry of navarre but became henry IV of france
-converted to catholicism: “paris is worth a mass”
-valois family (franics, catherine, etc.) was now replaced by the bourbons
who was louis XIII?
-king of france
-son of henry IV
-weak king and appointed cardinal richlieu who was the real power behind the throne
-introduced an age of french absolutism
who was cardinal richlieu?
-appointed by louis XIII as head minister
-real power behind the throne
-wanted the best for france
-was an absolutist
-controlled religion, limited power of nobility, created a bureacracy, raised a standing army
-maintained power until he died
who was cardinal mazarin?
-ruled with anne of austria, louis XIII’s wife after his death as a regent for louis XIV
-in charge when france won 30 years war
-raised taxes for french nobility
-they rebelled and threatened the life of louis XIV
-he put down the threats
who was louis XIV?
-son of louis XIII
-never forgot the nobles threatening his life
-called the sun king
-france’s most successful absolutist king
-centralized government, bypassed nobles/ limited them, controlled religion, improved trade, changed france to mercantilism
what were the abuses of the catholic church before the reformation?
-sold indulgences
-priests and popes had children
-they burned people at the stake
-were very wealthy
what were the 95 theses?
-95 complaints posted to the door of the wittenburg church in germany by martin luther
-written in latin originally so it would only be a conversation between him and the church
-criticized power of the pope, wealth of the church, and selling of indulgences
who was tetzle?
-priest who was known for selling indulgences
-“get your relative into heaven free” card
who was martin luther?
-german monk who wrote the 95 theses
-sought to reform the catholic church but eventually “re-formed” it
-made the lutheran church as people followed him
-was excommunicated for his beliefs
-sola scriptura, sola fide, sola gracia
who was john calvin?
-formed calvinism
-like luther thought about reforming the church
-formed his own theocracy in geneva
-was very strict, thought that you couldn’t play cards, gamble, listen to music, etc.
-had people who went around and checked if you were violating calvinism
which pope excommunicated martin luther?
-pope leo X
how was henry VIII part of the protestant reformation?
-changed england from the catholic church to his own church, anglican
-he was the head
-“middle way” between catholicism and protestantism
what beliefs did the anglican church hold that were different and similar to catholicism?
-earned salvation by faith alone like protestants
-focused on ritual and tradition like catholics
what happened after henry VIII died?
-political tummult
-his son edward took the throne but he died soon after
-his catholic daughter mary took the throne
-she killed thousands of protestants
-elizabeth took the throne after her and restored england to anglicanism
what happened with the catholic church after the reformation?
-the counter-reformation
-doubled down on things that were criticized but re-assesed somewhat
-society of the jesuits was founded by ignatius loyola
who was ignatius loyola?
-soldier who had a religious experience much like martin luther
-instead delved deeper into catholisicm
-founded the society of jesuits
-a miltary like group of catholics who were missionaries
who was pope paul III?
-pope during the catholic counter-reformation
what are the phases of the thirty years war?
-bohemian
-danish
-swedish
-french
describe the bohemian phase of the thirty years war
-catholic ferdinand II vs. protestant bohemians
-began with the second defenestration of prauge
-ferdinand won
describe the danish phase of the thirty years war
-ferdinand hires wallenstein
-danes trying to help protestants in north of HRE
-ferdinand wins
describe the swedish phase of the thirty years war
-sweden got gustavus adolphus
-french funded
-ferdinand assasinated wallenstein
describe the french phase of the thirty years war
-most devastating phase
-famine and little ice age impacted population
-france fought against charles V
what ended the thirty years war?
-peace of westphalia
-1648
-had political and religious provisions
who was copernicus?
-introduced heliocentric view of the universe
-the church did not like him
who was kepler?
-german astronomer
-stated the laws of planetary motion
who was galileo?
-synthesized the ideas of copernicus and kepler
-devleoped modern experimental method
who was isaac newton?
-laws of motion
-telescope
-proved that there were natural laws and everything had an explanation
who was francis bacon?
-empiricism (relying on real experience)
-inductive reasoning
who was rene descartes?
-discourse on method
-“i think therfore i am”
-used inductive instead of deductive reasoning
inductive reasoning
-start at observations and work your way to premise
deductive reasoning
-start at premise and find reasons after
why was the scientific revolution so important?
-step away from the church
-made advancements that we use today
describe empiricism
-learning and truth has to come from real experience and trials
what was absolutism?
-men are better off controlled by a strong leader
-leader tried to consolidate power to himself and control every aspect of life/ the government
who were some significant absolutist rulers?
-ivan IV, peter the great, elizabeth, catherine the great
-frederick the great
-louis XIII/ cardinal richelieu and louis XIV
-stuart kings
what are the key characteristics of absolutism?
-raise a standing army/ control armed forces
-control religion
-form bureacracy
-limit nobility’s power
-set, collect, and distribute taxes
what is the divine right of kings?
-God is sovereign
-God appoints kings/ royal families to rule over his people
-to disobey kings/ want them to not rule is to disobey/defy God
what was accomplished for kings through the divine right of kings?
-built legitimacy for kings amongst the people
-blended religion and politics
what caused the age of absolutism in europe?
-mainly religious wars
-also little ice age and famine
-chaos was happening all over
-people wanted stability
-they were willing to give up their rights for it
why was england an exception to the age of absolutism?
-had religious stability with elizabeth I
-were not involved in the religious wars taking place
-were isolated from the rest of europe
-hadn’t been invaded since 1066 william the conquerer
-people had rights via magna carta and parliament (house of commons)
who was mary I?
-queen of england
-catholic
-daughter of henry VIII
-aka bloody mary
who was elizabeth I?
-ruled after mary
-restored england to anglicanism
-provided stability
-left no heir
-james I, son of mary queen of scots ruled after her
who was james I?
-ruled after elizabeth I
-first of the stuart kings/ son of mary queen of scots
-king of scotland and england
-consolidated it to great britian
-argued with parliament frequently over money
-almost wannabe absolute monarch
-didn’t call parliament into session for 11 years
-believed in divine right of kings
-gunpowder plot
who was charles I
-james I’s son
-also an absolutist who believed in divine right of kings
-tried to arrest members of parliament
-called and dissolved parliament many times
-english civil war
-marched troops on his own people: treason
-first monarch to be beheaded/ accused
who was oliver cromwell?
-ruled after charles I
-made the protectorate
-said it would be not absolutist/ people would get more rights but became more and more like a monarch
-miltary dictator
-leader of the roundheads/ parliamentary army
who was charles II?
-son of charles I
-restoration
-merry monarch
-left no heir
who was james II?
-brother of charles II
-catholic
-tried to elect catholics to positions of power
-glorious revolution
who were william and mary of orange?
-daughter of james II and her husband
-peacefully overtook the throne
-protestant
-vowed to partner with parliament
-signed english bill of rights
who was george III?
-leader of GB during american revolution
which enlightenment philosopher wrote during the english civil war? how is this evident?
-thomas hobbes
-view that man needed to be controlled
-pessimistic because of the war going on around him
who was thomas hobbes?
-wrote leviathan
-view that man was bad and needed a strong leader to be controlled
-wrote during english civil war
who was fontenelle?
-wrote conversations on plurality of worlds
-stories with scienctific theories embedded in them
-helped everyone understand them
who was john locke?
-wrote concerning human understanding
-wrote two treatise on civil government
-english
-idea that man was a blank slate
-idea that man had 3 natural born rights to life, liberty, and property
-influence can be seen in english bill of rights and american
who was voltaire?
-religious tolerance
-relgion should be separate from state
-was persecuted for his faith
-letters concerning english nation
who was montesquie?
-spirit of the law
-government should be split into three parts
-executive, legislative, judicial
-french
who was adam smith?
-father of capitalism
who was rousseau?
-social contract
-“man is born free and everywhere in chains”
-emile
-man is better away from civilization
who was mary wollstonecraft?
-feminist
-women should be educated
who was frederick the great?
-absolutist in prussia
-player in ww0
-invaded austria after maria theresa inherited the throne
-gained the province of silesia
-made deal with junkers to keep peasants as serfs
who was maria theresa?
-heir to the throne of austria after charles IV
-woman absolutist
-allowed to keep her throne but lost province of silesia after frederick the great invaded
who fought in the american revolution that also fought in ww0?
-george washington
-french and indian war
how did ww0 lead to the american revolution?
-many colonists fought for the british in ww0
-because lots of battles were fought on their land parliament taxed them more
-they felt unrewarded and unrepresented
how was george III involved in ww0?
-ruled during this time
-england vs. france
who were loyalists? who were patriots?
-loyalists were people in the colonies who were loyal to britian
-patriots wanted to break free and form their own nation
why were people loyalists?
-afraid of change
-afraid of retaliation
-afraid of failure
what was the patriot’s argument?
-GB only looks out for its own best interest
-if we want to thrive we have to branch off on our own
what happened in the battle of lexington/concord?
-first battle
-americans outfought redcoats
what happened at bunker hill?
-americans were defeated
-proved they stood a chance against british
what happened at yorktown?
-cornwallis surrendered to washington
-americans won
what are some significant events leading up to the american revolution?
-sugar, townshed, and intolerable acts
-boston massacre
-boston tea party
-first continental congress
who was ferdinand II?
-led spanish armada against elizabeth after she never responded to his marraige proposal
-wanted mary queen of scots to rule
-elizabeth beheaded her
what book did john calvin write?
-institutes of christian religion
