french revolution Flashcards

1
Q

old regime

A

-period of time before the revolution
-absolute monarchy
-bourbons ruled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how was france divided socially before the revolution?

A

-three estates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

first estate

A

-clergy
-1% of the population
-owned 10% of the land
-2% taxed income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

second estate

A

-rich nobles
-2% of the population
-owned 20% of the land
-no taxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

third estate

A

-everyone other than the third and second estates
-97% of the population
-had limited representation in the government

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how was the governmental power divided among estates?

A

-each estate got 1 vote
-this was not fair to the third estate because they represented nearly all of france but the other two estates could still block their reforms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

louis XVI

A

-reigned from 1774 til 1792
-great great grandson of louis XIV
-very indecisive and listened to the loudest or last voice in the room
-imprisoned during the revolution and eventually executed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

marie antionette

A

-queen of france
-married to louis XVI at 14
-austrian
-daughter of maria theresa
-spent lots of money
-disliked by the french people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

for how long had the estates general not been called into session when louis XVI called it? why did he call it? when did he call it?

A

-150- 175 years
-he needed money for wars and war debts
-he called it in hopes of raising taxes
-may 5th, 1789

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how did france seem to the rest of europe during the old regime?

A

-prosperous and advanced:
-large population
-prosperous trade
-center of the enlightenment
-culture was imitated by the rest of europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how was france really doing during the old regime?

A

-there was high national debt
-bad harvests
-arbitrary taxation
-soaring inflation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sans-culottes

A

-means no knee breeches
-radical
-rioted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what were the causes of the french revolution?

A

-changing ideology
-weak leadership
-economic and environmental instability
-social injustice
-population increase (columbian exchange, no wars)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what was going on during the time louis XVI called the estates general and they were meeting?

A

-the great fear
-bread prices doubled
-rumors about nobles hiring soldiers to attack peasants circulated
-peasants broke into nobles’ manors
-broke into bakeries and lynched bakers
-peasants were starving, scared, and reacting radically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what was the first argument that arose during the estates general? what was the result?

A

-argued about how votes should be distrubuted
-first and second wanted one vote per estate
-third wanted one vote per delegate
-louis sided with the first and second
-third declared end of absolute monarchy and start to representative government
-louis locked them out of the building
-third estate became national assembly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what was the tennis court oath?

A

-when louis locked them out of the meeting room the third estate broke into an indoor tennis court
-pledged they would not leave until a constitution was written
-louis returned with soldiers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how and when did the storming of the bastille occur?

A

-parisians heard about louis marching solidrs on the national assembly
-on july 14th, 1789 the people attacked the bastille in search of gunpowder and weapons
-they ripped it apart brick by brick and killed guards
-still celebrated today
-first appearance of the tricolor flag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what was the bastille?

A

-a fortified prison in paris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the declaration of the rights of man and the citizen?

A

-document written by the national assembly
-swept away priveleges of the first and second estates
-made everyone equal citizens
-granted people liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression, equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion
-combined ideas of general will and individual rights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when was the declaration of the rights of man and the citizen made?

A

-august 1789

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which two enlightenment thinkers can be seen throughout the declaration? how?

A

-thomas jefferson
-individual rights
-jean jacques rosseau
-general will

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

thomas jefferson

A

-american
-author of declaration of independence
-individual will and rights
-influence can be seen in french declaration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

jean jacques rosseau

A

-swiss
-author of the social contract
-general will
-individual duties to the government
-influence can be seen in french declaration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

jean-paul marat

A

-editor of newspaper the friend of the people
-advocated for the sans-culottes
-always calling for blood for those who opposed the revolution
-assasinated while in his bathtub (skin condition) by a young woman who wanted the violence to end
-became a matyr of the revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

maximilien robespierre

A

-lawyer
-central voice of the radical revolution
-leader of the jacobins
-author of the reign of terror
-called the incorruptible
-member of the committee for public saftey
-ordered louis XVI to be executed
-executed when jacobin party lost power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

georges danton

A

-lawyer
-responsible for september massacres
-first president of the committee for public sfety
-at first supported robespierre but eventually denounced reign of terror and became his rival
-guillotined after being accused of being a royalist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what were the september massacres?

A

-1000 prisoners in prison cells killed
-rumors had spread that prisoners were planning to riot to free the king

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

who were the different groups in the revolution?
(conservative, liberal, radical)

A

-conservatives: wanted change but also valued continuity
-royalists (C)
-loyal to the monarchy
-liberals: championed individual rights and liberties
-girodins (L)
-original leaders of the national assembly, influential in writing declaration
-radicals: wanted to destroy all of the past and start completely new
-jacobins (R)
-leaders called for reign of terror
-sans culottes (R)
-citizens who rioted, no knee breeches

29
Q

what happened to the church after the national assembly took over?

A

-the church/clergy were nationalized (came under authority of the gov)
-church land was taken and sold which helped with debt

30
Q

what happened in october, 1789?

A

-parisian women (fishwives) rioted in the marketplace bc of bread prices
-revolutionaries egged them on
-they stormed versaille and forced louis and marie to leave and move to tuileries in paris (basically imprisoned)

31
Q

what happened in june, 1791?

A

-louis and his family tried to escape tuileries palace but were caught
-turning point: the ppl thought they were kind of holding them captive but they were still there out of their own will

32
Q

what happened in september 1791?

A

-france set up a constitutional monarchy and legislative assembly
-revolution also began to fracture and different groups with differing views imerged (r, l, c)

33
Q

how did other countries react when the citizens imprisoned their king and queen?

A

-austria declared war on france immediately (marie antionette’s mom was the queen)
-marie was sending notes to austria and it is thought that they might have been going to austria when they escaped
-everyone thought the notes were coded and marie was helping austria
-prussia threatened to destroy paris if the royal family was harmed

34
Q

why was the royal family caught when escaping?

A

-louis stepped out of the carriage to get something to eat and was immediately recognized

35
Q

when was the king offically deposed?

A

-after the september massacres and prussia and austria had declared war on france
-he was then executed as a traitor

36
Q

when was the conservative revolution from?

A

-1789-1791

37
Q

when was the radical revolution from?

A

-1792-1793

38
Q

when did the jacobins take control?

A

-at the start of the radical revolution
-around 1792
-they were the ones who tried louis XVI for treason and guillotined him

39
Q

what was the significance of the guillotine?

A

-nobles used to be the only ones who were beheaded for crimes
-guillotine was supposed to make everyone equal in the way they died and was supposed to be painless
-crowds would gather to watch people be executed (some there for the spectacle, some there for revenge)

40
Q

who was the committee of public saftey?

A

-started during the radical phase of the revolution
-killed lots of people (around 40,000)
-reigned during reign of terror/caused it

41
Q

what was the reign of terror?

A

-internal and external violence and bloodshed in france
-war against prussia, austria, england, holland, and spain
-internally jacobins sought to eliminate all oponents and had lots of people killed through the committee of public safety
-this was when marie antionette and her children were killed
-fear that the revolution would die internally before they had an external defense caused this

42
Q

what did robespierre do in the reign of terror?

A

-tried to secularize the state
-changed the calendar to 10 day weeks so you couldn’t know which day was sunday
-closed all churches
-tried to tell the national convention they weren’t radical enough

43
Q

how did britian react to the reign of terror/ radical phase of the revolution?

A

-they were appalled that france committed regicide
-they were at war with france during reign of terror

44
Q

who was the directory?

A

-5 person committee that governed france after the death of robespierre
-moderate leaders who took control in 1795
-wanted to focus on economy and defense

45
Q

how did napoleon gain popularity?

A

-he defended the national convention from royalist rebels who wanted louis XVIII to rule
-he filled canons with grapeshot and set them in front of the national assembly to defend them

46
Q

what happened in 1799 to the directory?

A

-they had lost control of france
-people weren’t mad that they were a dictatorship, they were mad that they were a weak dictatorship
-they had also become corrupt and focused o things that would make them more wealthy

47
Q

what did napoleon do in november, 1799?

A

-his troops disbanded the assembly and directory and he took control of france
-he established a consulship where he was the first consul

48
Q

what is a consulship?

A

-an emergency dictatorship
-3 consuls
-napoleon called it this to remind people of the greatness of rome

49
Q

what initiatives did napoleon create that benefitted france?

A

-signed peace treaties with countries that were at war with france (peace in france for the first time in 10 yrs)
-created a national bank and stabilized currency
-signed the concordant which separated church and state but brought the catholic church back
-established universal free education
-created napoleonic code of law

50
Q

what was the napoleonic code of law/what did it accomplish?

A

-napoleon’s law code
-comprehensive set of laws
-eliminated injustices
-promoted order over individual rights
-guilty until proven innocent
-freedom of speech and religion, slavery restored

51
Q

how did napoleon’s power escalate in france?

A

-by 1802 he was declared consul for life
-by 1804 he made himself emperor of france and crowned himself at his own coronation (showed his power over the church)

52
Q

what did napoleon do to attempt to expand his empire?

A

-tried to regain power in haiti but lost
-sold the lousisana territory to the us for money and to make britain mad
-took holland, parts of italy and switzerland
-continued to fight for more territory in europe

53
Q

what did other countries do to try to stop napoleon from taking control of all of europe? which countries were involved in this?

A

-united to form coalitions to stop france
-england, russia, austria, and sweden

54
Q

what battle did napoleon lose when first trying to expand his empire?

A

-battle of trafalgar
-against britain (navy was better than french navy)

55
Q

what were three mistakes that led to napoleon’s downfall?

A

-blockade on british trade (backfired)
-peninsular war (spanish killed many men)
-invasion of russia (disastrous retreat, lost many troops)

56
Q

what battle caused napoleon to lose (b4 the 100 days)?

A

-battle fo leipzig
-birtain, russia, prussia, and sweden united
-his forces were random bc he had lost so many in russia and spain
-napoleon was captured and exiled to elba

57
Q

who was placed on the throne after napoleon was exiled to elba?

A

-louis XVIII
-people were not happy because so much had been lost in the revolution all for another bourbon to be put on the throne

58
Q

what happened on november 1, 1815?

A

-napoleon escaped from elba and the 100 days began

59
Q

at which battle was napoleon defeated for the second and final time?

A

-battle of waterloo
-duke of wellington led the forces (egnlish)

60
Q

what started in europe the minute napoleon was defeated and what was its goal?

A

-the congress of vienna
-goal was to balance power in europe
-duke of wellington had to leave congress to go defeat napoleon during the 100 days

61
Q

who was talleyrand?

A

-the french representative at the congress of vienna

62
Q

who were the key players at the congress of vienna?

A

-austria
-prussia
-russia
-great britian
-france

63
Q

who was not in the congress of vienna?

A

-spain
-the people

64
Q

klemens von metternich

A

-leader of the congress of vienna
-austrian prince
-radical conservative

65
Q

what did the congress of vienna do to accomplish their goals?

A

-merged the dutch countries north of france to create the netherlands
-joined the 39 german states into the german confederation
-made switzerland an independent state
-did not punish france or reduce its borders
-created a concert of europe

66
Q

what was the concert of europe?

A

-a pledge from each nation to come to the aid of any other nation that was invaded

67
Q

what were the three goals of the congress of vienna?

A

-contain french aggression by surrounding it by bigger countries
-restore a balance of power
-restore royal families to their thrones

68
Q

what was napoleon’s continental system?

A

-wanted to prohibit all trade with england
-tried to get portugal to join but they wouldn’t (spot for smuggling in british goods)

69
Q

who was the first country to rebel against napoleon’s rule?

A

-spain