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french revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

old regime

A

-period of time before the revolution
-absolute monarchy
-bourbons ruled

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2
Q

how was france divided socially before the revolution?

A

-three estates

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3
Q

first estate

A

-clergy
-1% of the population
-owned 10% of the land
-2% taxed income

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4
Q

second estate

A

-rich nobles
-2% of the population
-owned 20% of the land
-no taxes

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5
Q

third estate

A

-everyone other than the third and second estates
-97% of the population
-had limited representation in the government

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6
Q

how was the governmental power divided among estates?

A

-each estate got 1 vote
-this was not fair to the third estate because they represented nearly all of france but the other two estates could still block their reforms

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7
Q

louis XVI

A

-reigned from 1774 til 1792
-great great grandson of louis XIV
-very indecisive and listened to the loudest or last voice in the room
-imprisoned during the revolution and eventually executed

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8
Q

marie antionette

A

-queen of france
-married to louis XVI at 14
-austrian
-daughter of maria theresa
-spent lots of money
-disliked by the french people

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9
Q

for how long had the estates general not been called into session when louis XVI called it? why did he call it? when did he call it?

A

-150- 175 years
-he needed money for wars and war debts
-he called it in hopes of raising taxes
-may 5th, 1789

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10
Q

how did france seem to the rest of europe during the old regime?

A

-prosperous and advanced:
-large population
-prosperous trade
-center of the enlightenment
-culture was imitated by the rest of europe

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11
Q

how was france really doing during the old regime?

A

-there was high national debt
-bad harvests
-arbitrary taxation
-soaring inflation

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12
Q

sans-culottes

A

-means no knee breeches
-radical
-rioted

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13
Q

what were the causes of the french revolution?

A

-changing ideology
-weak leadership
-economic and environmental instability
-social injustice
-population increase (columbian exchange, no wars)

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14
Q

what was going on during the time louis XVI called the estates general and they were meeting?

A

-the great fear
-bread prices doubled
-rumors about nobles hiring soldiers to attack peasants circulated
-peasants broke into nobles’ manors
-broke into bakeries and lynched bakers
-peasants were starving, scared, and reacting radically

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15
Q

what was the first argument that arose during the estates general? what was the result?

A

-argued about how votes should be distrubuted
-first and second wanted one vote per estate
-third wanted one vote per delegate
-louis sided with the first and second
-third declared end of absolute monarchy and start to representative government
-louis locked them out of the building
-third estate became national assembly

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16
Q

what was the tennis court oath?

A

-when louis locked them out of the meeting room the third estate broke into an indoor tennis court
-pledged they would not leave until a constitution was written
-louis returned with soldiers

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17
Q

how and when did the storming of the bastille occur?

A

-parisians heard about louis marching solidrs on the national assembly
-on july 14th, 1789 the people attacked the bastille in search of gunpowder and weapons
-they ripped it apart brick by brick and killed guards
-still celebrated today
-first appearance of the tricolor flag

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18
Q

what was the bastille?

A

-a fortified prison in paris

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19
Q

what is the declaration of the rights of man and the citizen?

A

-document written by the national assembly
-swept away priveleges of the first and second estates
-made everyone equal citizens
-granted people liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression, equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion
-combined ideas of general will and individual rights

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20
Q

when was the declaration of the rights of man and the citizen made?

A

-august 1789

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21
Q

which two enlightenment thinkers can be seen throughout the declaration? how?

A

-thomas jefferson
-individual rights
-jean jacques rosseau
-general will

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22
Q

thomas jefferson

A

-american
-author of declaration of independence
-individual will and rights
-influence can be seen in french declaration

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23
Q

jean jacques rosseau

A

-swiss
-author of the social contract
-general will
-individual duties to the government
-influence can be seen in french declaration

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24
Q

jean-paul marat

A

-editor of newspaper the friend of the people
-advocated for the sans-culottes
-always calling for blood for those who opposed the revolution
-assasinated while in his bathtub (skin condition) by a young woman who wanted the violence to end
-became a matyr of the revolution

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25
Q

maximilien robespierre

A

-lawyer
-central voice of the radical revolution
-leader of the jacobins
-author of the reign of terror
-called the incorruptible
-member of the committee for public saftey
-ordered louis XVI to be executed
-executed when jacobin party lost power

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26
Q

georges danton

A

-lawyer
-responsible for september massacres
-first president of the committee for public sfety
-at first supported robespierre but eventually denounced reign of terror and became his rival
-guillotined after being accused of being a royalist

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27
Q

what were the september massacres?

A

-1000 prisoners in prison cells killed
-rumors had spread that prisoners were planning to riot to free the king

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28
Q

who were the different groups in the revolution?
(conservative, liberal, radical)

A

-conservatives: wanted change but also valued continuity
-royalists (C)
-loyal to the monarchy
-liberals: championed individual rights and liberties
-girodins (L)
-original leaders of the national assembly, influential in writing declaration
-radicals: wanted to destroy all of the past and start completely new
-jacobins (R)
-leaders called for reign of terror
-sans culottes (R)
-citizens who rioted, no knee breeches

29
Q

what happened to the church after the national assembly took over?

A

-the church/clergy were nationalized (came under authority of the gov)
-church land was taken and sold which helped with debt

30
Q

what happened in october, 1789?

A

-parisian women (fishwives) rioted in the marketplace bc of bread prices
-revolutionaries egged them on
-they stormed versaille and forced louis and marie to leave and move to tuileries in paris (basically imprisoned)

31
Q

what happened in june, 1791?

A

-louis and his family tried to escape tuileries palace but were caught
-turning point: the ppl thought they were kind of holding them captive but they were still there out of their own will

32
Q

what happened in september 1791?

A

-france set up a constitutional monarchy and legislative assembly
-revolution also began to fracture and different groups with differing views imerged (r, l, c)

33
Q

how did other countries react when the citizens imprisoned their king and queen?

A

-austria declared war on france immediately (marie antionette’s mom was the queen)
-marie was sending notes to austria and it is thought that they might have been going to austria when they escaped
-everyone thought the notes were coded and marie was helping austria
-prussia threatened to destroy paris if the royal family was harmed

34
Q

why was the royal family caught when escaping?

A

-louis stepped out of the carriage to get something to eat and was immediately recognized

35
Q

when was the king offically deposed?

A

-after the september massacres and prussia and austria had declared war on france
-he was then executed as a traitor

36
Q

when was the conservative revolution from?

A

-1789-1791

37
Q

when was the radical revolution from?

A

-1792-1793

38
Q

when did the jacobins take control?

A

-at the start of the radical revolution
-around 1792
-they were the ones who tried louis XVI for treason and guillotined him

39
Q

what was the significance of the guillotine?

A

-nobles used to be the only ones who were beheaded for crimes
-guillotine was supposed to make everyone equal in the way they died and was supposed to be painless
-crowds would gather to watch people be executed (some there for the spectacle, some there for revenge)

40
Q

who was the committee of public saftey?

A

-started during the radical phase of the revolution
-killed lots of people (around 40,000)
-reigned during reign of terror/caused it

41
Q

what was the reign of terror?

A

-internal and external violence and bloodshed in france
-war against prussia, austria, england, holland, and spain
-internally jacobins sought to eliminate all oponents and had lots of people killed through the committee of public safety
-this was when marie antionette and her children were killed
-fear that the revolution would die internally before they had an external defense caused this

42
Q

what did robespierre do in the reign of terror?

A

-tried to secularize the state
-changed the calendar to 10 day weeks so you couldn’t know which day was sunday
-closed all churches
-tried to tell the national convention they weren’t radical enough

43
Q

how did britian react to the reign of terror/ radical phase of the revolution?

A

-they were appalled that france committed regicide
-they were at war with france during reign of terror

44
Q

who was the directory?

A

-5 person committee that governed france after the death of robespierre
-moderate leaders who took control in 1795
-wanted to focus on economy and defense

45
Q

how did napoleon gain popularity?

A

-he defended the national convention from royalist rebels who wanted louis XVIII to rule
-he filled canons with grapeshot and set them in front of the national assembly to defend them

46
Q

what happened in 1799 to the directory?

A

-they had lost control of france
-people weren’t mad that they were a dictatorship, they were mad that they were a weak dictatorship
-they had also become corrupt and focused o things that would make them more wealthy

47
Q

what did napoleon do in november, 1799?

A

-his troops disbanded the assembly and directory and he took control of france
-he established a consulship where he was the first consul

48
Q

what is a consulship?

A

-an emergency dictatorship
-3 consuls
-napoleon called it this to remind people of the greatness of rome

49
Q

what initiatives did napoleon create that benefitted france?

A

-signed peace treaties with countries that were at war with france (peace in france for the first time in 10 yrs)
-created a national bank and stabilized currency
-signed the concordant which separated church and state but brought the catholic church back
-established universal free education
-created napoleonic code of law

50
Q

what was the napoleonic code of law/what did it accomplish?

A

-napoleon’s law code
-comprehensive set of laws
-eliminated injustices
-promoted order over individual rights
-guilty until proven innocent
-freedom of speech and religion, slavery restored

51
Q

how did napoleon’s power escalate in france?

A

-by 1802 he was declared consul for life
-by 1804 he made himself emperor of france and crowned himself at his own coronation (showed his power over the church)

52
Q

what did napoleon do to attempt to expand his empire?

A

-tried to regain power in haiti but lost
-sold the lousisana territory to the us for money and to make britain mad
-took holland, parts of italy and switzerland
-continued to fight for more territory in europe

53
Q

what did other countries do to try to stop napoleon from taking control of all of europe? which countries were involved in this?

A

-united to form coalitions to stop france
-england, russia, austria, and sweden

54
Q

what battle did napoleon lose when first trying to expand his empire?

A

-battle of trafalgar
-against britain (navy was better than french navy)

55
Q

what were three mistakes that led to napoleon’s downfall?

A

-blockade on british trade (backfired)
-peninsular war (spanish killed many men)
-invasion of russia (disastrous retreat, lost many troops)

56
Q

what battle caused napoleon to lose (b4 the 100 days)?

A

-battle fo leipzig
-birtain, russia, prussia, and sweden united
-his forces were random bc he had lost so many in russia and spain
-napoleon was captured and exiled to elba

57
Q

who was placed on the throne after napoleon was exiled to elba?

A

-louis XVIII
-people were not happy because so much had been lost in the revolution all for another bourbon to be put on the throne

58
Q

what happened on november 1, 1815?

A

-napoleon escaped from elba and the 100 days began

59
Q

at which battle was napoleon defeated for the second and final time?

A

-battle of waterloo
-duke of wellington led the forces (egnlish)

60
Q

what started in europe the minute napoleon was defeated and what was its goal?

A

-the congress of vienna
-goal was to balance power in europe
-duke of wellington had to leave congress to go defeat napoleon during the 100 days

61
Q

who was talleyrand?

A

-the french representative at the congress of vienna

62
Q

who were the key players at the congress of vienna?

A

-austria
-prussia
-russia
-great britian
-france

63
Q

who was not in the congress of vienna?

A

-spain
-the people

64
Q

klemens von metternich

A

-leader of the congress of vienna
-austrian prince
-radical conservative

65
Q

what did the congress of vienna do to accomplish their goals?

A

-merged the dutch countries north of france to create the netherlands
-joined the 39 german states into the german confederation
-made switzerland an independent state
-did not punish france or reduce its borders
-created a concert of europe

66
Q

what was the concert of europe?

A

-a pledge from each nation to come to the aid of any other nation that was invaded

67
Q

what were the three goals of the congress of vienna?

A

-contain french aggression by surrounding it by bigger countries
-restore a balance of power
-restore royal families to their thrones

68
Q

what was napoleon’s continental system?

A

-wanted to prohibit all trade with england
-tried to get portugal to join but they wouldn’t (spot for smuggling in british goods)

69
Q

who was the first country to rebel against napoleon’s rule?

A

-spain

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