Reformation Flashcards
Causes of the reformation
Influence of the Renaissance
Wealth of the church
Abuses of the church
Power of kings
Abuses of the Church
Simony
Nepotism
Absenteeism
Pluralism
Sale of indulgences
Misbehaviour of priests + popes
Martin Luther - Early life
Martin Luther was the man who started the Reformation. He was born to a wealthy family in Saxony, Germany in 1483.
Martin Luther - Justification by faith alone
Luther studied the Bible to make sure he would get into heaven. The Catholic Church said you need to believe in God + perform good works to get into heaven, but Luther saw you need to believe in God because only he can get you into heaven
Martin Luther - Sale of Indulgences
Friar John Tezel began selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517. Luther wrote to the archbishop in protest + was ignored. Luther wrote 95 theses in Latin. The 95 theses were translated and spread across Germany. This became a full-scale attack on the power of the Pope
Response of the Catholic church
In 1519, the Pope sent John Eck to debate Luther. In the debate Luther went further + said that the pope had no more power to interpret the bible them anyone else. Pope said take it back Luther refused. The Pope sent a papal bull+ threatened excommunication. Luther burned the papal bull + was excommunicated in 1521
Diet of Worms
Luther kept writing pamphlets + speaking rejecting the power of the Pope. The Holy Roman Emperor called a Diet of German princes at Worms in 1521 about Luther. Luther was given free passage but refused to change his mind.
After the edict of worms
After the Diet of Worms, Charles issued the Edict of Worms, making Luther a criminal. Luther’s followers protested this + became known as Protestants. Luther was to be arrested for heresy, but Prince Fredrick of Saxony arranged a false kidnapping and hid him in his castle for a yearn where he translated the bible into German.
Luther’s beliefs
No religious hierarchy
Mass + Bible should be in the vernacular
Justification by faith alone
Clergy can marry
2 sacraments: baptism + communion
Consubstantiation not transubstantiation
Countries that became Protestant during the Reformation
Britain
Norway
Sweden
Denmark
Counter reformation
Courts of Inquisition- tried heretics + burned at the stake
New religious orders- Jesuits
The council of Trent- Improved issues in Catholic church
Results of the reformation
Religious persecution: Protestant vs Catholic
Religious war: Spain vs Netherlands. Dutch fought for freedom 1566-1648
Power of kings: Church had to meet king’s demands
Education: Protestants wanted education so people could read the bible. Catholics thought reformers didn’t understand Catholicism
Art: Protestants rejected art. Catholics decorated to attract members, creating the Baroque era
