Referred pain

Question 1

Pain definition

Answer 1

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage - The physical feeling caused by disease, injury, or something that hurts the body - mental or emotional suffering: sadness is caused by some emotional or mental problem - someone or something that causes trouble or makes you feel annoyed or angry

Question 2

Acute pain

Answer 2

Pain that comes on quickly, can be severe, but lasts a relatively short period of time

Question 3

Chronic pain

Answer 3

Lasts >12 weeks, can evolve from a true pain or have no know cause

Question 4

Purpose of pain

Answer 4

Protection - acute pain related to trauma stimulates avoidance of activities that could potentially cause more damage - acute pain onset without know trauma indicates something is wrong (chest pain/heart attack) - Pain generally resolves when stimulus is removed or damage is healed

Question 5

Nociceptors

Answer 5

Sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimulus by sending “possible threat” signals to brain and spinal cord

Question 6

A-delta

Answer 6

Fast, myelinated fibers - acute, sharp pain

Question 7

C fibers

Answer 7

Slow, unmyelinated - burning, aching, throbbing

Question 8

Referred pain

Answer 8

Pain felt in a part of the body other than its actual source

Question 9

Radicular pain

Answer 9

Pain that radiates along the course of a spinal nerve root - caused by compression, inflammation, and/or injury to a spinal nerve root

Question 10

Sources of referred pain

Answer 10

• visceral - trigger points - phantom - spinal segments

Question 11

Visceral referred pain

Answer 11

Pain felt in the skin or an area of the body surface removed from the site of disease or injury - dull, poorly localized, typically referred to a location served by nerves from the same segment level of the spinal cord - may produce 2 sensory alterations 1. Increased tenderness of remote and superficial areas of the body 2. Enhanced pain sensitivity of the same or nearby viscera

Question 12

Pattern of visceral pain

Answer 12

• not all organs are sensitive to pain - disease is only detected when symptoms indicate abnormal function - minor lesions of stomach, bladder, or uterus can produce excruciating pain disproportionate to damage - internal organs with nociceptors are mostly the hollow viscera

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 15

Trigger point referred pain

Answer 15

Pain in the muscle?

Question 16

Phantom limb pain

Answer 16

Ongoing painful sensations that seems to be coming from the part of the limb that is no longer there - the limb is gone but the pain is real - the onset of this pain most often occurs soon after surgery - although the limb is no longer there, the nerve endings at the site of the amputation continue to send pain signals to the brain that make the brain think the limb is still there - sometimes, the brain memory of pain is retained and is interpreted as pain, regardless of signals from injured nerves

Question 17

Men vs women heart attack

Answer 17

Pic

Question 18

Findings that indicate need for PT alert

Answer 18

• cancer - cardiovascular - gastrointestinal / genitourinary - miscellaneous - neurological

Question 19

Cancer red flags (6)

Answer 19

1. Persistent pain at night 2. Constant pain anywhere in body 3. Unexplained weight loss (10+lbs in 2 weeks) 4. Loss of appetite 5. Unusual lumps or growths 6. Unwarranted fatigue

Question 20

Cardiovascular red flags (7)

Answer 20

1. Shortness of breath 2. Dizziness 3. Pain or heaviness in the chest 4. Pulsating pain anywhere in the body 5. Constant and severe pain in the lower leg or arm 6. Discolored or painful feet 7. Swelling and no history of injury

Question 21

GI / genitourinary red flags (5)

Answer 21

1. Frequent or severe abdominal pain 2. Frequent heartburn or indigestion 3. Frequent nausea or vomiting 4. Change in or problems with bladder function 5. Unusual menstrual irregularities

Question 22

Miscellaneous red flags (4)

Answer 22

1. Fever or night sweats 2. Recent sever emotional disturbances 3. Swelling or redness in any oint with no history of injury 4. Pregancy

Question 23

Neurological red flags (8)

Answer 23

1. Changes in hearing 2. Frequent or sever headaches with no history or injury 3. Problems with swallowing or changes in speech 4. Changes in vision 5. Problems with balance, coordination, or falling 6. Faint spells 7. Sudden weakness 8. Loss of bowel or bladder control

Question 24

Medical consult red flags (6)

Answer 24

1. Sever unremitting pain 2. Pain unaffected by medication or position 3. Severe night pain 4. Severe pain with no history of injury 5. Sever spasm 6. Psychological overlay

Question 25

Answer 25