reeeeenal Flashcards
type I RTA?
defect in H+ secretion - distal hypokalemia causes: cirrhosis, autoimmune, lithium, ampho tx: give bicarb complications: stones
type II RTA>
defect in HCO3 reabsorption - proximal hypokalemia causes: Fanconi syndrom, carbonic anhydrase inhib, MM, amyloidosis, heavy metals, vit D deficiency tx: thiazides, volume depletion complications Rickets, osteomalacia
type IV RTA?
aldo deficiency/resistance - distal
hyperkalemia
drugs: amiloride, spironolactone, deparin
tx: furosemide, replacement of mineralocorticoid +/- glucocorticoid
hyaline casts?
if lots, suggests hypovolemia
red cell casts?
suggest glomerulonephritis
white cells in urine, eos in urine?
suggest allergic interstitial nephritis, ateroembolic dz
granular casts, renal tubular cells, muddy brown casts?
ATN
white cells and white cell casts in urine?
pyelo
low C3, lumpy bumpy immunofluorescence?
post-infections glomerulonephritis
normal c3, episodic gross hematuria, microscopic hematuria?
IgA nephropathy
tx: steroids, ACEis if proteinuria
segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritis with few IG deposits?
Wegeners
linear anti GBM deposits?
Goodpasture’s
tx: plasma exchange, pulse steroids
GBM splitting on EM?
Alport’s
causes of minimal change disease?
children - idiopathic, MCC
adults: NSAIDs, lymphoma
normal light microscopy, fusion of foot process on EM?
minimal change dz
sclerosis in capillary tufts?
FSGS
causes of FSGS?
IV drugs
HIV
obesity
African American
spike and dome appearance; granular IgG and C3 deposits at basement membrane?
membranous nephropathy
causes of membranous nephropathy?
being white HBV syphilis malaria gold
thickened GBM, increased mesangial matrix, nodular glomerulosclerosis?
diabetic nephropathy
mesangial proliferation, subendothelial immune complex deposition?
lupus nephritis
** severity of renal disease determines overall lupus prognosis (often)
noular glomerulosclerosis, apple-green birefringence?
amyloidosis
tx of renal amyloidosis?
pred and melphalan
tram track basement membrane, low serum C3?
membranoproliferative nephropathy
causes of membranoproliferative nephropathy?
HCV
cryoglobulinemia
SLE
subacute bacterial endocarditis
tx of uric acid stone?
citrate to alkalinize urine
positive urinary cyanide nitroprusside test?
cystine stone!
from defective COLA (AA) transport
swollen scrotum with transillumination?
hydrocele
swollen scrotum worse with standing?
varicocele
swollen scrotum better with lifting?
epididymitis
swollen scrotum worse with lifting?
torsion
marker of testicular choriocarcinoma?
bHCG
marker of nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumor?
AFP
