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Hematology I > Red Blood Cell Structure & Function > Flashcards

Red Blood Cell Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

process by which eryhroid precursor cell differentiate to become mature RBC

A

erythropoiesis

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2
Q

primary regulator of erythropoiesis

A

erythropoietin

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3
Q

how many days is the production of reticulocytes from pronormoblasts

A

3-5 days

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4
Q

reticulocytes remain in BM ___ before being released to the circulation

A

1-2 days

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5
Q

in peripheral circulation, the reticulocyte continues to mature for ___

A

one more day

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6
Q

maturation of rbc

A
  1. pronormoblast/rubriblast
  2. basophilic normoblast / prorubricyte
  3. polychromatophilic normoblast / rubricyte
  4. orthochromatophilic normoblast / metarubricyte
  5. reticulocyte
  6. mature RBC
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7
Q

last stage of mitosis in maturation of rbc

A

polychromatophilic normoblast / rubricyte

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8
Q

last nucleated stage

A

orthochromatophilic normoblast / metarubricyte

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9
Q

contains fine basophilic reticulum RNA

A

reticulocyte

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10
Q

reticulocyte can only be demonstrated by which supravital stain

A

new methylene blue

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11
Q

shape of mature rbc

A

round, biconcave

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12
Q

index of bone marrow activity or effective erythropoiesis

A

reticulocyte count

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13
Q

lifespan of RBC

A

120 days

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14
Q

how many RBCs in 1 rubriblast

A

16

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15
Q

components of RBC

A
  1. protein (50%)
  2. lipid (40%)
  3. Carbohydrate (10%)
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16
Q

responsible for the negative charge of RBC

A

sialic acid

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17
Q

maintenance of the shape of the RBC

A

actin & myosin

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18
Q

rbc metabolic pathways

A
  1. embden-meyerhof pathway
  2. hexose monophosphate shunt or PPP
  3. Rapaport-Leubering Pathway
  4. Methemoglobin Reducatase Pathway
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19
Q

major rbc metabolic pathway

A

embden-meyerhof pathway

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20
Q

pathway that is 90 % glycolysis, anaerobic, prevents oxidation of membrane lipid

A

embden-meyerhof pathway

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21
Q

pathat that is 10% glycolysis, aerobic and provides reduced glutathione to prevent oxidation denaturation of HgB

A

Hexose monophosphate shunt

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22
Q

pathway that generates 2,3 DPG

A

rapaport-leubering pathway

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23
Q

pathway that is main Hb iron is ferrous

A

methemoglobi reductase pathway

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24
Q

as RBC ages, there is decrease in …

A

enzyme
ATPs
size

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25
Q

as RBC ages, there is increase in

A

density

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26
Q

2 types of RBC breakdown

A
  1. extravascular (90%)

2. intravascular (10%)

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27
Q

RBC breakdown which is within RES; when complement is not activated or incompletely activated

A

Extravascular

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28
Q

extravascular breakdown will increase

A

B1, urine & fecal urobilinogen

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29
Q

other name for erythrocyte indices

A

wintrobe’s indices

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30
Q

what are the rbc indices

A
  1. mean corpuscular/cell volume (mcv)
  2. mean cell hemoglobin (mch)
  3. mean cell hemoglobin concentration (mchc)
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31
Q

measures the average size of red blood cells

A

mean corpuscular/cell volume

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32
Q

NV of MCV

A

80-100 fl/um^3

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33
Q

MCV= <80 fL

A

microcytic

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34
Q

MCV= >80 fL

A

macrocytic

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35
Q
  • refers to the average quantity of hemoglobin present in a single rbc
  • rarely used
A

Mean cell hemoglobin

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36
Q

NV of MCH

A

27-31 pg/ug

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37
Q

increase mcv (macrocytic)

A

megaloblastic anemia, liver disease, hypothyroidism

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38
Q

decrease mcv (microcytic)

A

IDA, thalassemia, defective iron utilization

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39
Q

increase mcv

A

macrocytic anemia

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40
Q

decrease mcv

A

hypochromic anemia and microcytic anemia

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41
Q

measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cell

A

mean cell hemoglobin concentration

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42
Q

NV of mchc

A

31-36% or g/dL

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43
Q

MCHC= >36%

A

hyperchromic

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44
Q

MCHC= <36%

A

hypochromic

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45
Q

increase Mchc (hyperchromic)

A

spherocytes

46
Q

decrease mchc (hypochromic)

A

IDA, thalassemia, defective iron utilization

47
Q

mchc above 38% possible errors

A
  1. incorrect computation

2. presence of cold agglutinin

48
Q

mchc fall below 22% possible causes

A
  1. lipemia

2. presence of abnormal Hb

49
Q

variation in size rbc anomalie

A

anisocytosis

50
Q

numerical expression that correlates with the degree of anisocytosis

A

red cell distribution width

51
Q

NV of RDW

A

11.5-14.5%

52
Q

rbc anomalie (Cell size)

A
  1. Normocytic
  2. Microcytic
  3. Macrocytic
53
Q

MCV= 80-100 fL

A

Normocytic

54
Q

normoytic

A
  • normal condition
  • acute post hemorrhagic anemia
  • hemolytic anemia
  • aplastic anemia
55
Q

MCV= <80 fL

A

microcytic

56
Q

microcytic

A
  • iron deficiency anemia
  • thalassemia
  • anemia of chronic disease
57
Q

MCV= >100 fL

A

macrocytic

58
Q

macrocytic

A
  • megaloblastic anemia
  • alcoholism
  • liver disease
59
Q

mchc= 31-36%

A

normochromic

60
Q

mchc= <31%

A

hypochromic

61
Q

mchc=>31%

A

hyperchromic

62
Q

a disorder where there is an abnormally high number of immature red blood cells found in the bloodstream as a result of being prematurely release from the bone marrow during blood formation

A

polychromasia

63
Q

rbc anomalies according to hemoglobin content

A
  1. normochromic
  2. hypochromic
  3. hyperchromic
  4. polychromasia
64
Q

normochromic

A
  • normal condition

- pathologic conditions same as normocytic

65
Q

central pallor area exceeds 1/3 of the diameter of the cell

- seen in thalassemia, IDA, chronic blood loss

A

hypochromic

66
Q

no central pallor <1,3

- spherocytosis

A

hyperchromic

67
Q
  • blue gray coloration (indicates young RBC)
  • increased erythropoietin activity or reticulocytosis
  • ex: hemorrhage and hemolysis
A

polychromasia

68
Q

rbc anomalies varies in shape; decrease ESR

A

poikilocytosis

69
Q

poikilocytes secondary to membrane abnormalities

A
  1. acanthocyte
  2. echinocyte
  3. codocyte
  4. spherocyte
  5. stomatocyte
  6. elliptocyte
  7. ovalocyte
70
Q

poikilocytes secondary to membrane abnormalities

A
  1. acanthocyte
  2. echinocyte
  3. codocyte
  4. spherocyte
  5. stomatocyte
  6. elliptocyte
  7. ovalocyte
71
Q

poikilocytes secondary to trauma

A
  1. schistocyte
  2. dacryocyte
  3. microspherocytes
  4. semilunar bodies
72
Q

poikilocytes secondary to abnormal hemoglobin content

A

drepanocytes

73
Q

developmental macrocytosis or macrovalocyte

A

macrocyte

74
Q
  • spheroid with 3-12 irregular spikes or club-like spicules
  • abnormal lipid ratios of membrane lecithin & sphingomyelins
  • IRREVERSIBLE
A

acanthocyte

75
Q

other names of acanthocyte

A

spur cell, thorn cell, spike cell

76
Q
  • regular 10-30 scalloped short projections evenly distributed
A

echinocyte

77
Q

echinocyte is caused by

A
  • depletion of ATP
  • exposure to hypertonic solution
  • artifact in drying
78
Q

clinical significance of echinocyte

A

renal insufficiency (hemolytic uremic syndrome)

79
Q

other name of echinocyte

A

burr cell, crenated RBC, sea urchin cell

80
Q
  • bell shaped

- peripheral rim of Hb surrounded by clear area and central hemoglobinized area (bull’s eye)

A

codocyte

81
Q
  • codocyte increases in ____ & _____
  • excess of ______ to _____ ratio
  • decrease ____
A
  1. cholesterol & phospholipid
  2. surface membrane to volume
  3. OFT
82
Q
  • decrease surface area:volume ratio

- increase OFT

A

Spherocyte

83
Q

other name for spherocyte

A

bronze cell

84
Q

spherocytosis that involves AutoAbs and hemolytic anemia

A

Acquired Spherocytosis

85
Q

spherocytosis that is deficient spectrin (hallmark)

A

hereditary spherocytosis

86
Q
  • mouth or slit-like pallor area, bowl-shaped in wet preparation
A

stomatocyte

87
Q

after splenectomy in a patient with HS, _____ persists, indicating that the abnormality involves the RBC membrane itself rather than splenic damage to the cells

A

spherocyte

88
Q

high cellular uptake of sodium and low potassium content

- abnormal Na-K transport ratio

A

Stomatocyte

89
Q
  • rod or cigar shaped, pencil or sausage shape, narrower the ovalocytes
  • not associated with hemolysis
  • dec lifespan but functions normally
  • OFT is normal
A

elliptocyte

90
Q

other name of elliptocyte

A

oat cell

91
Q

protein band 4.1 deficiency

A

hereditary elliptocytosis

92
Q
  • egg like or oval shaped, wider than elliptocyte
  • bipolar arrangement of Hb
  • reduction of membrane cholesterol
A

ovalocyte

93
Q

-fragementation produced by damage of RBC by fibrin, altered vessel walls, prostethic heart valves

A

schistocyte

94
Q
  • hallmark of hemolytic anemia secondary to red cell fragmentation
  • not hereditary
A

schistocyte

95
Q

other name for shistocyte

A

schizocyte, keratocyte, helmet, bite cell

96
Q
  • pear-shaped with blunt pointed projection
A

dacryocyte

97
Q

other name for dacryocyte

A

dacrocyte, teardrop cell

98
Q
  • inc fragmentation at 45 C instead of 49 C

- decrease MCV

A

miscrospherocytes

99
Q

other name for microspherocytes

A

pyropoikilocytes

100
Q
  • large, pale-pink staining ghost of the red cell
  • always acquired
  • seen in MALARIA
A

semilunar bodies/ half-moon or crescent cell

101
Q
  • crescent-shaped

- polymerization of deoxygenated HB

A

Drepanocytes/Sickle cell

102
Q
  • due to vit b12 and folate deficiency
  • asynchronous development of RBC because nucleus is still immature (RBC)
  • impaired DNA synthesis
A

Macrocytes/Oval Macrocytes

103
Q

causes of vitamin b12 deficiency

A
  1. pernicious anemia
  2. D. latum
  3. vegetarian diet
  4. sprue or steatorrhea
104
Q

causes of folic acid deficiency

A
  1. pregnancy
  2. dietary deficiency
  3. sprue or steatorrhea
105
Q

non megaloblastic anemia

A
  1. alcoholism
  2. chemotherapy
  3. hypothyroidism
106
Q
  • coarse round densely stained purple

- nuclear remnants containing DNA

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

107
Q
  • rings, loop or figure of eight; red to purple

- remnants of microtubules of mitotic spindle

A

cabot ring

108
Q
  • degenerated nucleus or ruptured cell in form of smudge of basket
  • lymphocytes that are fragile & break upon smearing
A

basket cell

109
Q
  • lymphocyte with hair-like cytoplasmic projections surrounding nucleus
  • though to be of B cell origin
A

Hairy cell

110
Q
  • round lymph cell with nucleus that is grooved or convoluted
  • represents leukemic phase of mycosis fungoides T-cell characteristics
A

Sezary cell

111
Q
  • plasma cell with red ro pink cytoplasm

- associated with increased in IgA

A

flame cell

112
Q
  • plasma cell that contains small colorless vacuoles

- large protein globules giving the appearance of grapes

A

grape cell

Hematology I (11 decks)

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