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Veterinary Nursing > RECOVER: BLS > Flashcards

RECOVER: BLS Flashcards

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1
Q

5 main vessels of the heart

A 
Aorta
Cranial vena cava
Caudal vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
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2
Q

4 main valves of the heart

A

Pulmonic
Mitral
Aortic
Tricuspid

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3
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

Right and left atrium

Right and left ventricle

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4
Q

Flow of blood (left side- oxygenated blood)

A 
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Mitral valve 
Left ventricle 
Aortic valve
Aorta
Capillaries (out)
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5
Q

Flow of blood (deoxygenated- right side)

A 
Capillaries
Veins
Vena cava e
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonic valve
Pulmonary artery 
Lungs
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6
Q

5 parts of conduction system

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Bundle of His
Right and left bundle branches

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7
Q

Cardiac output: definition

A

The amount of blood delivered to tissues of the body each minute

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8
Q

Cardiac output: formula

A

CO= stroke volume(SV) x HR

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9
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped during each contraction of the ventricle

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10
Q

3 determining factors of stroke volume

A

Preload
After load
Contractility

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11
Q

Preload

A

The amount of blood available to fill the left ventricle during diastole, that can then be pumped out to the body during systole

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12
Q

Afterload

A

The pressure against which the left ventricle has to push during systole

Determined by tone of peripheral blood vessels

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13
Q

Contractility

A

The strength with which the ventricle contracts during systole

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14
Q

Normal stroke volume in a dog

A

~1-2ml/kg

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15
Q

Normal cardiac output in a dog

A

100ml/kg/min

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16
Q

4 primary dysfunctions in cardiac arrest

A

Asystole
Pulseless electrical activity (PEA)
Ventricular fibrillation (VF)
Pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT)

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17
Q

Physiology of asystole

A

Complete cessation of both electrical and mechanical activity

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18
Q

Physiology of PEA

A

No effective mechanical activity

ECG continues to show electrical activity

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19
Q

Physiology of VF

A

Aberrant, uncoordinated activity of muscle cells in ventricles

“Quivering” mechanical activity

No forward flow of blood out of the heart

ECG shows random irregular electrical activity

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20
Q

Physiology of pulseless VT

A

Rapid, ineffective ventricular contractions

Driven by abnormal myocardial cells rather than normal conduction system

Contractions too fast= no time for ventricular filling and no forward flow of blood

ECG shows regular, repeated electrical activity at rapid rate

21
Q

2 main functions of the respiratory system

A

Ventilation- excreting CO2

Oxygenation- moving O2 in the blood

22
Q

Alveoli

A

Small sacs with very thin membranes separating them from the pulmonary capillaries

23
Q

Minute ventilation: definition

A

The amount of air that moves in and out of the respiratory system in one minute

24
Q

Minute ventilation: formula

A

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

25
Q

Reference range of arterial CO2

A

35-45 mmHg

26
Q

CPR survival-to-discharge rate

A

Overall:
6-7%

Peri-anesthetic drug reactions or treatable underlying disease:
up to 50%

27
Q

3 ways to assess breathing if no visible cheat excursions

A

Touch the chest
Auscultation
Cotton or microscope slide in front of nose (motion/fogging)

28
Q

Why is agonal breathing considered a positive sign in CPA?

A

It suggests that the respiratory centers in the brain stem are still functioning and have not likely been deprived of perfusion for an excessive period of time

29
Q

Why is pulse palpation not recommended prior to initiating CPR?

A

Insensitive and time consuming

30
Q

Minimum MAP to palpate dorsal-pedal pulse

A

60 mmHg

31
Q

Where to palpate apex beat

A

4th to 6th intercostal space on the lower 3rd of the chest

Pull elbow caudally to level of costochondral junction

32
Q

Possible causes of pulselessness in animals with an auscultable heartbeat

A

Markedly decreased cardiac contractility
Severe shock
Pericardial effusion with tamponade
Severe pleural space disease

33
Q

What percentage of normal cardiac output do proper chest compressions produce?

A

30%

34
Q

2 theories on external chest compression technique

A

Thoracic pump theory

Cardiac pump theory

35
Q

Cardiac pump theory

A

Based on the concept that the left and right ventricles are directly compressed during CPR

  • between ribs in lateral
  • between sternum and spine in dorsal
36
Q

Determining factor of compression technique

A

Chest conformation

37
Q

Thoracic pump theory

A

Based on the concept that external chest compressions raise overall intrathoracic pressure and push blood from the aorta into systemic circulation

Heart acts as a conduit rather than a pump

38
Q

Thoracic pump technique

A

Compressions focused on the widest portion of the chest

Larger recoil= more effective refill

39
Q

Cardiac pump technique

A

Compression force directly over the heart

40
Q

Chest compression technique: patient positioning

A

Lateral recumbency

Dorsal recumbency in flat chested dogs

41
Q

Chest compression technique: depth

A

1/3 to 1/2 the width of the chest

42
Q

Chest compression technique: rate

A

100-120/min

43
Q

Why are higher compression rates (>120) actually detrimental?

A

Decreased cardiac output due to decreased recoil time

44
Q

How much time has to pass during compressions for aortic blood pressure to reach a level that provides perfusion?

A

1 minute

45
Q

Which type of arrest is more common in animals?

A

Primary respiratory arrest

Cardiac arrest occurs secondary to hypoxemia from lack of ventilation

46
Q

Why should intubation be done in lateral?

A

So that chest compressions don’t have to be stopped

47
Q

Ventilation rate for intubated patient

A

10 breaths/min (every 6 seconds)

48
Q

Why is a lower respiratory rate better in CPR?

A

Positive pressure ventilation increases intrathoracic pressure and compresses vena cavae

Veterinary Nursing (8 decks)

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