RECOVER: BLS Flashcards by Niki Washington

5 main vessels of the heart

Aorta
Cranial vena cava
Caudal vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 main valves of the heart

Pulmonic
Mitral
Aortic
Tricuspid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 chambers of the heart

Right and left atrium

Right and left ventricle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Flow of blood (left side- oxygenated blood)

Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Mitral valve 
Left ventricle 
Aortic valve
Aorta
Capillaries (out)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Flow of blood (deoxygenated- right side)

Capillaries
Veins
Vena cava e
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonic valve
Pulmonary artery 
Lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

5 parts of conduction system

Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Bundle of His
Right and left bundle branches

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiac output: definition

The amount of blood delivered to tissues of the body each minute

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cardiac output: formula

CO= stroke volume(SV) x HR

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stroke volume

The amount of blood pumped during each contraction of the ventricle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 determining factors of stroke volume

Preload
After load
Contractility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Preload

The amount of blood available to fill the left ventricle during diastole, that can then be pumped out to the body during systole

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Afterload

The pressure against which the left ventricle has to push during systole

Determined by tone of peripheral blood vessels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Contractility

The strength with which the ventricle contracts during systole

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Normal stroke volume in a dog

~1-2ml/kg

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Normal cardiac output in a dog

100ml/kg/min

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 primary dysfunctions in cardiac arrest

Asystole
Pulseless electrical activity (PEA)
Ventricular fibrillation (VF)
Pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Physiology of asystole

Complete cessation of both electrical and mechanical activity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Physiology of PEA

No effective mechanical activity

ECG continues to show electrical activity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Physiology of VF

Aberrant, uncoordinated activity of muscle cells in ventricles

“Quivering” mechanical activity

No forward flow of blood out of the heart

ECG shows random irregular electrical activity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Physiology of pulseless VT

Rapid, ineffective ventricular contractions

Driven by abnormal myocardial cells rather than normal conduction system

Contractions too fast= no time for ventricular filling and no forward flow of blood

ECG shows regular, repeated electrical activity at rapid rate

2 main functions of the respiratory system

Ventilation- excreting CO2

Oxygenation- moving O2 in the blood

Alveoli

Small sacs with very thin membranes separating them from the pulmonary capillaries

Minute ventilation: definition

The amount of air that moves in and out of the respiratory system in one minute

Minute ventilation: formula

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

Reference range of arterial CO2

35-45 mmHg

CPR survival-to-discharge rate

Overall: 6-7% Peri-anesthetic drug reactions or treatable underlying disease: up to 50%

3 ways to assess breathing if no visible cheat excursions

Touch the chest Auscultation Cotton or microscope slide in front of nose (motion/fogging)

Why is agonal breathing considered a positive sign in CPA?

It suggests that the respiratory centers in the brain stem are still functioning and have not likely been deprived of perfusion for an excessive period of time

Why is pulse palpation not recommended prior to initiating CPR?

Insensitive and time consuming

Minimum MAP to palpate dorsal-pedal pulse

60 mmHg

Where to palpate apex beat

4th to 6th intercostal space on the lower 3rd of the chest Pull elbow caudally to level of costochondral junction

Possible causes of pulselessness in animals with an auscultable heartbeat

Markedly decreased cardiac contractility Severe shock Pericardial effusion with tamponade Severe pleural space disease

What percentage of normal cardiac output do proper chest compressions produce?

30%

2 theories on external chest compression technique

Thoracic pump theory | Cardiac pump theory

Cardiac pump theory

Based on the concept that the left and right ventricles are directly compressed during CPR - between ribs in lateral - between sternum and spine in dorsal

Determining factor of compression technique

Chest conformation

Thoracic pump theory

Based on the concept that external chest compressions raise overall intrathoracic pressure and push blood from the aorta into systemic circulation Heart acts as a conduit rather than a pump

Thoracic pump technique

Compressions focused on the widest portion of the chest Larger recoil= more effective refill

Cardiac pump technique

Compression force directly over the heart

Chest compression technique: patient positioning

Lateral recumbency | Dorsal recumbency in flat chested dogs

Chest compression technique: depth

1/3 to 1/2 the width of the chest

Chest compression technique: rate

100-120/min

Why are higher compression rates (>120) actually detrimental?

Decreased cardiac output due to decreased recoil time

How much time has to pass during compressions for aortic blood pressure to reach a level that provides perfusion?

1 minute

Which type of arrest is more common in animals?

Primary respiratory arrest Cardiac arrest occurs secondary to hypoxemia from lack of ventilation

Why should intubation be done in lateral?

So that chest compressions don't have to be stopped

Ventilation rate for intubated patient

10 breaths/min (every 6 seconds)

Why is a lower respiratory rate better in CPR?

Positive pressure ventilation increases intrathoracic pressure and compresses vena cavae