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Veterinary Nursing > ECC: Cardiovascular > Flashcards

ECC: Cardiovascular Flashcards

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1
Q

Causes of pale/white mucous membranes

A

Anemia
Vasoconstriction
Shock

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2
Q

Causes of injected mucous membranes

A 
Vasodilation
Sepsis
Heatstroke
Cyanide poisoning
Carbon monoxide toxicity
Side effect of certain drugs
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3
Q

Cause of brown mucous membranes

A

Oxidation injury to the blood cell causing methemoglobinemia

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4
Q

Causes of yellow/orange mucous membranes

A

Heaptic disease
Bile duct obstruction
Excessive hemolysis

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5
Q

Pulse deficit

A

A heartbeat is heard with no associated pulse

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6
Q

BP cuff sizing

A

Width: 40-60% of limb circumference

Length: 60% of limb circumference

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7
Q

Causes of hypotension

A

Hypovolemia
Poor cardiac output
Systemic vasodilation

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8
Q

Normal canine/feline BP

A

Systolic: 100-160
Diastolic: 60-110
MAP: 80-120
Pulse pressure: 40-80

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9
Q

Mean arterial pressure: definition

A

Average blood pressure over time (through both systole and diastole)

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10
Q

MAP: formula

A

MAP= [(2 x diastolic) + systolic] ÷ 3

Diastole counts twice as much as systole because 2/3 of the cardiac cycle is spent in diastole

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11
Q

Pulse pressure

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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12
Q

Normal blood lactate

A

<1.0 mmol/L

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13
Q

Cause of increased lactate

A

Inadequate tissue oxygenation associated with impaired perfusion

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14
Q

2 major sources of increased lactate (systems)

A

Skeletal muscle

GI system

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15
Q

Heart failure: definition

A

A heart that pumps an inadequate volume of blood to all tissues resulting in inadequate oxygenation

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16
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Impaired cardiac function resulting in elevated venous and capillary pressures

Causes organs to become congested with blood or edematous fluid

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17
Q

Right ventricular failure

A

Caused by reduced cardiac output and systemic venous hypertension

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18
Q

Right sided failure: history

A

Periods of weakness, exercise intolerance, or syncope

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19
Q

Right sided failure: presentation

A 
Pale mucous membranes
Jugular venous distension/pulsations 
Liver and/or spleen enlargement
Tachypnea
Peritoneal or pleural effusion
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20
Q

Left sided failure: history

A

Similar to right sided, plus:

Coughing
Orthopnea
Hemoptysis
Oliguria

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21
Q

Left sided failure: presentation

A

Arrhythmia
Heart murmur
Lung crackles
Cyanosis

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22
Q

Biventricular heart failure

A

Combination of symptoms of left and right sided failure

23
Q

Loop diuretics

A

Decrease the re-absorption of sodium and chloride and increase the excretion of potassium

Act within loope of Henle

Increase renal excretion of water, sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, hydrogen, ammonium, and bicarbonate

24
Q

Most common loop diuretic

A

Furosemide

25
Q

Furosemide dosing for cardiogenic or pulmonary edema

A

2-4 mg/kg every 1-8 hours

CRI: 0.1mg/kg/hr

26
Q

Potassium-sparing diuretics

A

Act by inhibiting the action of aldosterone on distal tubular cells

Can be used in conjunction with loop diuretics

27
Q

Most common potassium-sparing diuretic

A

Spironolactone

28
Q

Spironolactone onset of action

A

2-3 days of therapy to reach peak effect

Used primarily for long-term treatment

29
Q

Spironolactone dosing

A

2-4mg/kg/day PO

30
Q

Dobutamine

A

Causes increased myocardial contractility and stroke volume

Increases cardiac output

31
Q

Dobutamine dosing

A

5-20 mcg/kg/min

32
Q

Dobutamine side effects

A 
Nausea
Vomiting
Tachycardia
Hypertension
Arrhythmias
33
Q

Positive inotropes

A

Increase the strength of contraction of the myocardial muscle, there by increasing cardiac output

34
Q

4 groups of inotropic drugs

A

Sympathomimetic amines:
dobutamine and dopamine

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors:
sildenafil and vetmedin

Calcium sensitizers

Digitalis glycosides

35
Q

Dopamine

A

Precursor of norepinephrine

36
Q

Dopamine dosing

A

Low dose: 1-5 mcg/kg/min

High dose: 6-10mcg/kg/min

37
Q

Cannot be used in conjunction with dopamine or dobutamine

A

Beta blockers

38
Q

Sildenafil

A

Potential benefits in CHF

In human studies:

Increased myocardial contractility
Blunted adrenergic stimulation
Reduced left ventricular afterload
Improved lung diffusion capacity

39
Q

Pimobendan

A

Both a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and calcium sensitizer

Positive inotropic effect + vasodilation

Used for long-term treatment of CHF

40
Q

Pimobendan dosing

A

0.1-0.3 mg/kg BID

41
Q

Types of vasodilators

A

Ace inhibitors:
Enalapril, benazepril

Calcium channel blockers:
Amlodipine, diltiazem

42
Q

Indications for ACE inhibitors

A

Hypertension

CHF

43
Q

ACE inhibitor mechanism of action

A

Block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor

May slow or reverse the progression of pump dysfunction and pathologic remodeling that occurs with heart failure

44
Q

Primary use for amlodipine

A

Systemic hypertension

45
Q

Indications for diltiazem

A

Supraventricular tachycardias
Atrial fibrillation
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

46
Q

What type of drug are amlodipine and diltiazem?

A

Calcium channel blockers

47
Q

Cardio effects of beta-1 stimulation

A

Increased HR
Increased AV node conduction velocity
Increased strength of myocardial contraction

48
Q

Cardio effects of beta-2 stimulation

A

Vasodilation in skeletal muscles

Bronchodilation in airways

49
Q

Propranolol

A

Blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors

Decreases HR and contractility, slows conduction

Decreases cardiac output at rest and during exercise

50
Q

Why should patients with respiratory issues be monitored closely on propranolol?

A

It blocks beta-2 receptors as well as beta-1, causing bronchial constriction

51
Q

Atenolol and metoprolol

A

Selectively block b-1 receptors

Decrease cardiac output, myocardial oxygen demand, and BP

52
Q

Atenolol and propranolol in diabetic patients

A

Both drugs prolong the hypoglycemic effects of insulin

Closer monitoring of BG

53
Q

Beta blocker dosing

A

Canine: 12.5-50mg q12-24h

Feline: 6.25-12.5mg q12-24h

54
Q

Esmolol

A

Ultrashort acting beta-1 blocker available only as injectable

Generally used as a “test”drug for beta blocker therapy or as an infusion for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias

Veterinary Nursing (8 decks)

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