Reasoning and Fallacies

Question 1

Referring to fallacies in which the error in reasoning is brought about by the occurrence of ambiguous terms whose meanings are confused in an argument

Answer 1

Fallacies of Ambiguity

Question 2

It is committed when several meanings of a word or phrase become confused in the context of one argument

Answer 2

Fallacy of Equivocation

Question 3

It is committed when one reason from the qualities of the parts of a whole to the qualities of the whole itself

Answer 3

Fallacy of Composition

Question 4

It is committed which is the reverse of composition, is committed when one reason from the qualities of a whole to the qualities of the parts of the whole

Answer 4

Fallacy of Division

Question 5

Referring to fallacies in which the error in reasoning is brought about by the irrelevance of the premise or premises to the conclusion of an argument

Answer 5

Fallacies of Relevance

Question 6

It is committed when it is argued that a proposition is true simply on the basis that it has not been proven false, or that is false because it has not been proven true. This is a fallacy because our ignorance of how to prove or disprove a proposition does not necessarily establish either its truth or falsehood.

Answer 6

Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam

Question 7

Committed when one appeals to an authority whose field of expertise does not include the nature of conclusion being established

Answer 7

Argumentum Ad Verecundiam

Question 8

Committed when one evaluates an argument by means of citing something about the person who asserts said argument. In this case, an argument is often claimed to be wrong because of some negative qualities of the person who asserted an argument

Answer 8

Argumentum Ad Hominem

Question 9

Committed when one appeals to pity to cause the acceptance of a conclusion

Answer 9

Argumentum Ad Misericordiam

Question 10

Committed when one appeals to general, common, popular, or stereotypical prejudices or beliefs to cause acceptance of some conclusion

Answer 10

Argumentum Ad Antiquitatem

Question 11

Committed when one appeals to force, often with subtlety, to cause the acceptance of a conclusion

Answer 11

Argumentum Ad Baculum

Question 12

Referring to fallacies in which the error in reasoning is brought about by the occurrence of complex or loaded expressions whose assumptions are questionable or have not yet been proven to be true

Answer 12

Fallacies of Presumption

Question 13

Committed when one asks a question that contains unproved assumptions. A fallacy is committed when one argues that these assumptions are true just because the answer is given to the complex question

Answer 13

The Fallacy of Complex Question

Question 14

Committed when one attributes wrong cause to something, which is often due to a mere temporal succession of two events

Answer 14

The Fallacy of False Cause

Question 15

Committed when reasoning is circular in which the conclusion is already assumed in the premises

Answer 15

The Fallacy of Petitio Principii

Question 16

Committed when one applies a general rule to individual cases, which, because of their special or accidental nature, the general rule does not properly apply

Answer 16

The Fallacy of Accident

Question 17

Committed when one makes a generalization from a special or accidental case, or simply from insufficient number of cases

Answer 17

The Fallacy of Dicto Simpliciter

Question 18

This process enables us to justify or prove the truth of a statement or belief on the basis of the truth of another statement or belief

Answer 18

Reasoning

Question 19

An end result of reasoning or inference. Since it concern truth, it can only consist of statements

Answer 19

Argument

Question 20

Provides a justification for the conclusion

Answer 20

Premise

Question 21

What follows from or is proven by the premise

Answer 21

Conclusion

Question 22

It is necessary, meaning, we are sure about its truth for there is no possibility that it is false

Answer 22

Certain

Question 23

It is only likely to be true for there is a possibility that it is false

Answer 23

Probable

Question 24

The truth of the premises is intended to prove that the truth of the conclusion is certain. It is consequently either valid or invalid

Answer 24

Deductive argument

Question 25

A deductive argument that is valid and that contains premises that are all true

Answer 25

Sound deductive argument

Question 26

Deductive argument that is valid and that contains at least one premise that is false

Answer 26

Unsound deductive argument

Question 27

The truth of the premises is intended to prove that the truth of the conclusion is highly probable. It is consequently either strong or weak

Answer 27

Inductive argument

Question 28

Errors and the cases of weak inductive reasoning

Answer 28

Fallacies

Question 29

Also known as converse accident, is the most typical case of fallacy. It occurs when we make a general conclusion from an insufficient number of cases

Answer 29

Hasty generalization

Question 30

Committed when we conclude that two things must have a certain similarity because they already have other similarities but which are either insufficient in number or irrelevant to the conclusion

Answer 30

Weak analogy

Question 31

A strong inductive argument in which all premise are true

Answer 31

Cogent

Question 32

A strong inductive argument in which at least one premise is false

Answer 32

Uncogent

Question 33

Errors in reasoning due solely to an incorrect form or structure of an argument. They thus, correspond to the invalid deductive arguments

Answer 33

Formal fallacies

Question 34

Also known as material fallacies, are errors in reasoning due to solely to an anomaly or defect in the content of an argument. They are usually psychological persuasive and that is why there are the ones commonly committed

Answer 34

Informal fallacies