Module 4 Flashcards
Can occur in the various forms of human relations such as those between friends, parents and children, teachers and students, colleagues in a workplace, siblings, employers and employees, and members of an academic organization or athletic team
Interpersonal/Intersubjective relations
Two levels of explaining the difference between the two ways of treating a person
- Theoretical level
* Practical level
In this level, we consider how the person sees, perceives, understands, or knows the other person in relation to his/her (the person’s) concepts and categories
Theoretical level
The other person is seen as this when he/she is seen as someone who is conscious and free, and lacks a defined identity or fixed essence
Subject
The other person is seen as this when he/she is seen as something that is unconscious and unfree, and has a defined identity or fixed essence
Object
In this level, we consider how the person’s action towards the other person relates to the person’s own interests (desires and preferences). This results in treating the other person either as a means or as an end
Practical level
In using a person as this, one necessarily disregards the person’s interests
Means
In treating a person as this, one necessarily considers the person’s interests
End
He refers to the other person seen as a subject as a “You” or “Thou” while to the other person seen as an object as an “It.”
Martin Buber
The interpersonal relation wherein the other person is treated as a person
“I-You” relation
The non-interpersonal relation wherein the other person is treated as a non-person
“I-It” relation
He divided two fundamental types of being: the being-for-itself and being-in-itself
Jean-Paul Sartre
An individual who is unconscious and unfree but whose identity or essence is already complete
Being-in-itself
An individual who is conscious and free but whose identity or essence is incomplete
Being-for-itself
It is Edmund Husserl’s method that is also called the “bracketing of presuppositions.” According to this method, to get at the essence of something we need to bracket or suspend our judgements and assumptions about it
Transcendental phenomenological method
He thinks that the nature of a person, as a subject, cannot be captured by any of our concepts; and thus also considers seeing the other person solely in terms of our concepts as tantamount to treating the other person as an object
Emmanuel Levinas
An act of violence against the other person
Totalization
It is Immanuel Kant’s ethical theory. According to this principle, an action is morally good if it does not use persons merely as means but also ends at the same time
Principle of respect for persons
Entitlements or interests one is allowed or permitted to pursue, or more simply, things a person may or may not do
Rights
Duties not to interfere in the exercise of rights
Duties of non-interference/Negative rights
Duties to provide the necessary conditions or resources for the exercise of rights
Duties or provision/Positive rights
3 features relevant for acquiring rights
- Contractual rights
- Legal rights
- Human rights
Rights a person acquires when he/she enters into a contract or an agreement with another party, which can be an individual person, a group of persons, a company, or an institution
Contractual rights
Rights that a person possesses by virtue of his/her citizenship-which is acquired either by birth or by choice
Legal rights
Rights all human persons possess simply by virtue of being human
Human rights
The possibility of living a long and fulfilling life, which depends on: economic security, environmental sustainability, political stability, cultural stability, freedom and justice
Human welfare
2 ways of promoting human welfare
- Doing good to others
* Being just to others
The branch of philosophy that is devoted to the study of morality
Ethics
3 kinds of ethics
- Normative ethics
- Metaethics
- Applied/practical ethics
Studies the principles or standards used as bases for making moral judgements (judgements that actions are good or bad)
Normative ethics
Studies the nature of moral judgements in terms of how they are known and acquire their meanings
Metaethics
Examines controversial ethical issues in some specified areas such as medicine, business, law, computing, and the environment
Applied/practical ethics
3 standard normative ethical theories
- Consequentialism
- Deontology
- Virtue ethics
It should be the consequences of actions; and so this theory claims that a good action is one that results in good or desirable consequences, while a bad action is one that results in bad or undesirable consquences
Consequentialism
Referred to as duty-based or right-based ethical theories. It should be the rules followed or violated by actions; and so this theory claims that a good action is one that follows a good or right rule, while a bad action is one that follows a bad or wrong rule
Deontology
It should be the character traits of the agent; and so this theory claims a good action is one that is performed by a virtuous person, while a bad action is one that is performed by a vicious person
Virtue ethics
Giving what is due to a person or what a person deserves to receive
Justice
3 general kinds of justice
- Distributive justice
- Retributive justice
- Compensatory justice
Concerns the justice in the distribution of benefits and burdens
Distributive justice
Concerns the justice in imposing punishments and penalties on those who have been found guilty of doing something wrong
Retributive justice
Concerns the justice in compensating or paying people for what they have lost as a result of being recipient of wrongful acts
Compensatory justice
