readings/vids - week 4

Question 1

summarize the UMM model (referring to the video)

Answer 1

• SMP makes us feel stressed
• PMP counteracts the SMP
• when energy reserves are low, we feel fatigued (short term or long term fatigue based on reserve depleted)
• rest usually replenishes reserves but if we respond to demands while reserves are low, SMP activity will continue to increase
• unease will inhibit PMP making it hard to relax
• smp can use reserves to work on difficulties, but as smp increases some skills become less effective

Question 2

according to UMM, what are 3 factors that explain why we get stuck in problematic feedback loops

Answer 2

environment
response 2 environment
subsequent experiences

Question 3

explain UMM with a procrastination example

Answer 3

• have an assignment due in a week, which makes us uneasy so we play games to feel better
• now our body associates procrastination w reduced unease
• but, less time to complete the assignment adds to difficulty, and less time + more difficulty increases unease!
• to reduce this unease each day, we game again
• now we have one day left to finish the project, so we pull an all nighter and our reserves deplete
  -unease decreases now, but the students brain is stuck in a feedback loop which can lead to poor performance and burnout overtime

Question 4

what is innate immunity

Answer 4

its our bodys first natural defense to any intruder

Question 5

pros and cons of innate immunity

Answer 5

pros:
- quicker than adaptive immunity

cons:
- not as specific as adaptive immunity: does not differentiate between one pathogen and another

Question 6

3 types of barriers in innate immune system

Answer 6

physical barrier
chemical barrier
inflammation barrier

Question 7

physical barriers in innate immune sys

Answer 7

the first component of this system is our skin, acting as barrier so nothing can get in body

second part is mucus lining of our organs

Question 8

chemical barriers in innate immune sys

Answer 8

lysosome in eyes or acid in the stomach, kills pathogens

Question 9

inflammation barrier in innate immune sys

Answer 9

achieved by massed cells
- cells search for suspicious objects in body, when they find it they release signals that alert body and blood is rushed to the site

Question 10

in the innate immune sys, what are white blood cells considered?

Answer 10

phagocytes
- they patrol the body (neutrophils) or wait for a queue to action (macrophage)

Question 11

what is innate immune system also called

Answer 11

non specific immunity

Question 12

what is adaptive immune system also called

Answer 12

acquired immune system

Question 13

2 main parts of adaptive immune system

Answer 13

T lymphocytes (T cell)
B lymphocyte

Question 14

key results from gut microbiome diet and cardiometabolic disease study

Answer 14

1. dietary changes can change microbiota composition which affects likelihood of metabolic disorder (ex; insulin resistance)
2. microbiota influences energy storage (reduced body fat in mice study)

Question 15

when is vagal efferent activity activated

Answer 15

onset of food intake

Question 16

what is affected by aging more, adaptive or innate immunity?

Answer 16

adaptive

Question 17

Autoimmune diseases result from a _____ immune system attacking ______tissues, and with current technology and treatments are _____.

Answer 17

hyperactive
healthy
incurable

Question 18

Newborns immune systems mature from exposure to ____ and _____

Answer 18

antigens and environmental organisms

Question 19

how does stress impact the gut?

Answer 19

it increases the guts endothelial barrier permeability

Question 20

According to Tayefi et al., 2017. high levels of serum CRP are associated with ______, _____, and _____ in men, and higher ______ in women.

Answer 20

anxiety, depression, and smoking in men

higher BMI in women

Question 21

what is immunosenescence

Answer 21

negative age related changes to our immune system

Question 22

Why would we need yet another definition and model of stress? (about UMM)

Answer 22

A new model is needed that explains how stress can have such varied effects and describes how to reduce its harm.

The model must also capture both the dynamic nature of stress and its ability to persist and cause chronic effects.

The model must guide those who use it in selecting effective interventions and in developing more effective interventions.