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PSY333 > lecture 6 - genetics and epigenetics > Flashcards

lecture 6 - genetics and epigenetics Flashcards

1
Q

who studied peas and proposed the idea of dominant traits?

A

Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

what did the study of meiosis reveal in 1905

A

sex is based on
chromosomes, thread-like structures inside the nucleus of animal
and plant cells

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3
Q

function of histones

A

allow long strand of DNA to be curled up and fit into chromosomes

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4
Q

genome

A

any organism’s complete set of DNA, including all its genes.

An organism’s genome contains all the information needed to build and maintain the organism

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5
Q

what allowed sequencing of DNA?

A

CRSPR

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6
Q

true or false; all cells in the body are genetically identical

A

true, but body has cells w diff forms and functions

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7
Q

how are changes to DNA sequences passed along

A

through generations

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8
Q

genotype

A

part of genetic makeup of an individual which determines their potential characteristics

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9
Q

homozygous

A

if alleles are the same

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10
Q

heterozygous

A

if alleles are different

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11
Q

phenotype

A

set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of the genotype with the environment

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12
Q

different alleles code for different _______

A

phenotypes

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13
Q

what are 3 examples of dominant phenotype traits

A

polydactyly (6 fingers) (dom over 5 fingers)
lobed ears
brown eyes (dom over blue)

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14
Q

what are 3 broad categories of genetic diseases discussed in lecture?

A

single gene disorders

chromosomal disorders

complex/multifactorial disorders

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15
Q

what are single gene disorders + examples

A

these are gene mutations

cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease

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16
Q

chromosomal disorders + example

A

abnormal number of structural arrangement of chromosomes

downs syndrome

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17
Q

complex / multifactorial disorders

A

acquired mutations (cells dont replicate like they should)

have exogenous causes like environment, diet, etc

18
Q

who made the Lamarckian theory

A

jean baptiste lamark

19
Q

lamarckian theory

A

acquired traits in response to environment experienced over the lifetime will be transmitted to offspring

20
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of heritable changes caused by mechanisms other than changes in underlying DNA sequence

21
Q

factors influencing epigenetic variation

A

stress
drug use
social interactions
pesticides
smoking
nutrition
hormones

22
Q

what can epigenetic inheritance system also be described as?

A

soft inheritance

23
Q

what can genetic inheritance also be described as?

A

hard inheritance

24
Q

Changing what DNA gets read leads to…

A

expression of diff genes

producing diff proteins

results in diff physiological outcomes

impacts behaviour

25
Q

are epigenetic changes potentially reversible?

A

yes

26
Q

are genetic changes potentially reversible?

A

no

27
Q

behavioural epigenetics

A

experiences in our environment that can lead to long term effects on the brain and subsequently behaviour

28
Q

can epigenetic behavioural changes be passed across generations?

A

yes

29
Q

define nurture

A

experiences occurring during fetal development can have long term effects

brain and body are developing rapidly, providing window of opportunity for variation

30
Q

when dna is read, it is also _____

A

expressed

31
Q

when gene expression is repressed or turned off, what happens?

A

methylation occurs, meaning a methyl group is added

32
Q

when gene expression is expressed or turned on, what happens

A

acetylation

acetyl group added

33
Q

describe the Michael Meany study on rat mothering and how it callibrates brain response to stress in rat pups

A

Rats raised by less-nurturing moms have more methyl groups attached to promoter region (the ‘on’ switch) of the GC receptor gene
o These methyl groups block access by transcription factors that turn the gene on
As a result, fewer receptors are produced, and rat cannot shut down stress response as easily
o Good news: enzymes that reverse DNA methylation of GC receptor gene also reverse effects of unenthusiastic mothering on pups hormonal and behavioral
responses to stress (The Seductive Allure of Behavioural Epigenetics, SCIENCE, 2010)

34
Q

1998 quebec ice storm

A

DNA methylation in offspring
o Epigenetic change due to objective levels of hardship vs. sustained subjective stress ^not the mother’s perceived experience - Ex. epigenetics and agouti yellow mouse
o Agouti genes🡪 obese, yellow, disease-susceptible
▪ Can be turned off if silencing epigenetic marks around it accumulate around the agouti gene
o How the maternal environment influences disease in offspring
o Agouti rats and healthy diet
o Obesity in agouti mice
▪ Healthy foods
▪ Supplement with Vitamin B12, folic acid, choline, betains

35
Q

rat study on exercising and epigenetic changes

A

exercised vs. non-exercised rats then exposure to swim stress test ▪ Both conditions freaked out that they couldn’t find the platform
▪ Took rats out for 24 hours and put them back in the same situation
▪ Found that rats that were exercising didn’t struggle as much in the pool (they remembered that the pool didn’t have a platform), non-exercised
rats still struggled the same amount
▪ Exercised rats had higher number of neurons in the dentate gyrus (which is a brain region related to memory)
* The histones behaved differently in exercised rats

36
Q

human study on exercising and

A

Exercising encourages demethylation (ie., reading) of genes that
encourage energy (carb, fat, etc) metabolism
- Ex. environmental experiences
o Exposure to pesticides induces epigenetic variation in sperm, leading to infertility o These effects persist over multiple generations

37
Q

There is a third influence besides nature and nurture:

A

epigenetics

38
Q

histones + DNA =

A

chromatin

39
Q

what determines how cells differentiate into their specific functions?

A

epigenetics

40
Q

transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic marks

A

epigenetic marks can be transmitted to multiple generations if the marks are put down on our sperms or eggs

41
Q

how can epiugenetic marks accumulate AFTER our birth? (rat stuff)

A

Glucocorticoid receptors in rats brain help rat cope with stressful situation (more receptors = better coping)
o Rat pups at birth have silencing around receptors, but if rat mother extensively grooms pups during first week, the silencing marks can be removed from the gene.
o Gene is turned on and it stays on throughout their lives.

42
Q

are epigenetic marks reversible? how? implications?

A

Too many silencing marks around tumour suppressor genes = gene turned off (more likely to get tumours/cancer)
o Scientists can target these silencing marks are remove them
o Also could be used for lupus, alzheimers, diabetes etc

PSY333 (12 decks)

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