lecture 7 - food obesity and exercise Flashcards
obesogenic environment
we are surrounded by foods, messages, etc that influence our ability to maintain a healthy weight
define free sugar
all monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods, plus sugars naturally present in honey, syrup, and fruit juices
adipose tissue
releases hormones
releases cytokines
increases IL-6 and CRP
Increases TNF=alpha
increases inflammation, leading to mental health issues
accumulates around abdomen
increases risk of diabetes, cardiovascular issues
what does leptin do?
reduces hunger
what is the leptin receptor resistance associated with
obesity
what are all the hunger hormones
leptin
ghrelin
pancreatic peptides
cortisol
what hormone is related to stress eating?
cortisol
explain the obesity depression inflammation cycle
the main aspects of depression, inflammation and obesity are all linked together in behaviours
more obese -> adipose tissue more likely to release more cytokines -> more inflammation -> tired -> less exercise -> obesity
a viscous cycle that influences each other in an interconnected way
___ of canadians have diabetes or prediabetes
1/3
___ canadians have type 2 diabetes and don’t know it
1/5 million (?? fact check this lol)
explain normal insulin function
insulin produced by pancreas, released in response to food
insulin allows glucose to enter the cell, to be broken down by controlled stepwise oxidation and converted into usable chemical energy such as ATP and NADH
type 1 diabetes
not enough insulin being made so glucose cant be taken in by cells
leads to high blood glucose
- helped by taking insulin
type 2 diabetes
insulin is still being made, but your body receptors are less likely to open in response to insulin, called insulin resistance
leads to high blood glucose
- not helped by taking insulin
what is insulin resistance
cannot take in glucose
how does bad diet impact insulin resistance
constant high glucose in blood produces a lot of insulin in response
eventually insulin receptors become resistant to insulin
body not able to use glocse which leads to cell fatigue and starvation
we will still feel hunger and cravings because brain only notices that u are not getting glucose in the cells
diabetes and sleep connection
the less sleep you get each night the greater risk of developing diabetes
over 9 hours of sleep also increases your risk
less sleep increases cortisol, causing inflammation
what is atherosclerosis?
plaque buildup, when blood cant move as easily thru blood vessels
describe the process of atherosclerosis
high LDL –> inflammation
endothelian dysfunction -> more likely for LDL to enter thru tunica intima
triggers macrophages to follow into tunica intima -> swallow up LDL until they die filled with LDL (called foam cells) -> builds up -> capped with layer of proteins called a fatty streak -> atherosclerosis occurs
what is LDL
low density lipoprotein AKA bad cholestrol
what does MONW stand for
metabolically obese normal weight individuals
the obesity paradox
ppl who are metabollically obese are at higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes than obese or overweight ppl
what does increasing BMI lead to
decreased morbidity and mortality
protection effect
if u are physically large on the outside you are less in danger than those who are secretly obese
ppl with diabetes have higher mortality risk if they are at normal weight compared to obese ppl: true or false
true
energy surfeit theory
calories in calories out
energy balance equation
energy intake = internal heat produced + external work + energy stored
not all calories are equal and calories burn off differently due to diff metabolic processes for diff types of nutrients
eating expends calories / the thermic effect of food (digesting, metabolizing)
- smaller amount of fat burned by thermic effect
Hall et al study on exercising more
Mathematically simulated energy expenditure for 220lb man
▪ Base energy burn-off ~0.9MJ/day
▪ Thus would need to burn off more than that for weight loss
o A 220lb man would need to run about 20km/week to burn off 1.2MJ/day (~71 additional calories/day)
o It would take about 5 years to lose ~30lbs
food desert
a geographical area that has fewer good quality grocery stores (distance to a supermarket (more than (Lister, 2007) a ¼ mile/walking distance)
who is disproportionately impacted by food desert?
Low income
o Work schedules – when food stores are open vs. when you work
o Healthy food availability score
o Access to vehicle
o Transit rider issues:
who patented insulin
frederick banting
average price of insulin has ____ over past 15 years
tripled
how much is 1 vial of Humalog in the US
300 dollars
___ of patients under use insulin due to cost
1/4
what was Banting’s vision?
Intention: insulin to be always available at a price the individual/community can afford -
Canadian Diabetes Association reports ___ of Canadians did not fully comply with treatment due to costs of medications, devices, and supplies
57%
what are some out of pocket costs regarding diabetes in canada
glucometeres, needles, compression sock
true or false: Diabetes tops the list of conditions bringing older patients to the
emergency department
true
high cost of medication can lead to …
nonadherence
Changing the environment: smoking example
ex. tax on more unhealthy foods)
- Be more upfront about smoking risks
o Became law that all smoke packs had to have a warning on it
o Advertisements promoting smoking had to include the risks on it
o For every smoking ad, there had to be a non-smoking ad on TV
- No longer allowed to smoke inside restaurants
- More difficult to get cigarettes (has to be behind the counter)
- Resulted in massive drop in smoking in one generation
therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC) intervention for depression
inflamed brain = depressed brain
The 6 factors to tame the stress response
Physical activity (exercise)
(30 minutes of brisk walking 3 days a week)
Omega-3 fatty acids
Omega-6s : proinfmainatory
Omega-3s: antiinflamatory
Sunlight
(vitamin d)
Healthy sleep
(8 hours of uninterrupted sleep)
Anti-ruminative activity
Social connection
