lecture 7 - food obesity and exercise

Question 1

obesogenic environment

Answer 1

we are surrounded by foods, messages, etc that influence our ability to maintain a healthy weight

Question 2

define free sugar

Answer 2

all monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods, plus sugars naturally present in honey, syrup, and fruit juices

Question 3

adipose tissue

Answer 3

releases hormones
releases cytokines
increases IL-6 and CRP
Increases TNF=alpha
increases inflammation, leading to mental health issues

accumulates around abdomen

increases risk of diabetes, cardiovascular issues

Question 4

what does leptin do?

Answer 4

reduces hunger

Question 5

what is the leptin receptor resistance associated with

Answer 5

obesity

Question 6

what are all the hunger hormones

Answer 6

leptin
ghrelin
pancreatic peptides
cortisol

Question 7

what hormone is related to stress eating?

Answer 7

cortisol

Question 8

explain the obesity depression inflammation cycle

Answer 8

the main aspects of depression, inflammation and obesity are all linked together in behaviours

more obese -> adipose tissue more likely to release more cytokines -> more inflammation -> tired -> less exercise -> obesity

a viscous cycle that influences each other in an interconnected way

Question 9

___ of canadians have diabetes or prediabetes

Answer 9

1/3

Question 10

___ canadians have type 2 diabetes and don’t know it

Answer 10

1/5 million (?? fact check this lol)

Question 11

explain normal insulin function

Answer 11

insulin produced by pancreas, released in response to food

insulin allows glucose to enter the cell, to be broken down by controlled stepwise oxidation and converted into usable chemical energy such as ATP and NADH

Question 12

type 1 diabetes

Answer 12

not enough insulin being made so glucose cant be taken in by cells

leads to high blood glucose
- helped by taking insulin

Question 13

type 2 diabetes

Answer 13

insulin is still being made, but your body receptors are less likely to open in response to insulin, called insulin resistance

leads to high blood glucose
- not helped by taking insulin

Question 14

what is insulin resistance

Answer 14

cannot take in glucose

Question 15

how does bad diet impact insulin resistance

Answer 15

constant high glucose in blood produces a lot of insulin in response

eventually insulin receptors become resistant to insulin

body not able to use glocse which leads to cell fatigue and starvation

we will still feel hunger and cravings because brain only notices that u are not getting glucose in the cells

Question 16

diabetes and sleep connection

Answer 16

the less sleep you get each night the greater risk of developing diabetes

over 9 hours of sleep also increases your risk

less sleep increases cortisol, causing inflammation

Question 17

what is atherosclerosis?

Answer 17

plaque buildup, when blood cant move as easily thru blood vessels

Question 18

describe the process of atherosclerosis

Answer 18

high LDL –> inflammation

endothelian dysfunction -> more likely for LDL to enter thru tunica intima

triggers macrophages to follow into tunica intima -> swallow up LDL until they die filled with LDL (called foam cells) -> builds up -> capped with layer of proteins called a fatty streak -> atherosclerosis occurs

Question 19

what is LDL

Answer 19

low density lipoprotein AKA bad cholestrol

Question 20

what does MONW stand for

Answer 20

metabolically obese normal weight individuals

Question 21

the obesity paradox

Answer 21

ppl who are metabollically obese are at higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes than obese or overweight ppl

Question 22

what does increasing BMI lead to

Answer 22

decreased morbidity and mortality

Question 23

protection effect

Answer 23

if u are physically large on the outside you are less in danger than those who are secretly obese

Question 24

ppl with diabetes have higher mortality risk if they are at normal weight compared to obese ppl: true or false

Answer 24

true

Question 25

energy surfeit theory

Answer 25

calories in calories out

energy balance equation
energy intake = internal heat produced + external work + energy stored

not all calories are equal and calories burn off differently due to diff metabolic processes for diff types of nutrients

eating expends calories / the thermic effect of food (digesting, metabolizing)
- smaller amount of fat burned by thermic effect

Question 26

Hall et al study on exercising more

Answer 26

Mathematically simulated energy expenditure for 220lb man
▪ Base energy burn-off ~0.9MJ/day
▪ Thus would need to burn off more than that for weight loss
o A 220lb man would need to run about 20km/week to burn off 1.2MJ/day (~71 additional calories/day)
o It would take about 5 years to lose ~30lbs

Question 27

food desert

Answer 27

a geographical area that has fewer good quality grocery stores (distance to a supermarket (more than (Lister, 2007) a ¼ mile/walking distance)

Question 28

who is disproportionately impacted by food desert?

Answer 28

Low income
o Work schedules – when food stores are open vs. when you work
o Healthy food availability score
o Access to vehicle
o Transit rider issues:

Question 29

who patented insulin

Answer 29

frederick banting

Question 30

average price of insulin has ____ over past 15 years

Answer 30

tripled

Question 31

how much is 1 vial of Humalog in the US

Answer 31

300 dollars

Question 32

___ of patients under use insulin due to cost

Answer 32

1/4

Question 33

what was Banting’s vision?

Answer 33

Intention: insulin to be always available at a price the individual/community can afford -

Question 34

Canadian Diabetes Association reports ___ of Canadians did not fully comply with treatment due to costs of medications, devices, and supplies

Answer 34

57%

Question 35

what are some out of pocket costs regarding diabetes in canada

Answer 35

glucometeres, needles, compression sock

Question 36

true or false: Diabetes tops the list of conditions bringing older patients to the
emergency department

Answer 36

true

Question 37

high cost of medication can lead to …

Answer 37

nonadherence

Question 38

Changing the environment: smoking example

Answer 38

ex. tax on more unhealthy foods)
- Be more upfront about smoking risks
o Became law that all smoke packs had to have a warning on it
o Advertisements promoting smoking had to include the risks on it
o For every smoking ad, there had to be a non-smoking ad on TV
- No longer allowed to smoke inside restaurants
- More difficult to get cigarettes (has to be behind the counter)
- Resulted in massive drop in smoking in one generation

Question 39

therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC) intervention for depression

Answer 39

inflamed brain = depressed brain

The 6 factors to tame the stress response
Physical activity (exercise)
(30 minutes of brisk walking 3 days a week)
Omega-3 fatty acids
Omega-6s : proinfmainatory
Omega-3s: antiinflamatory
Sunlight
(vitamin d)
Healthy sleep
(8 hours of uninterrupted sleep)
Anti-ruminative activity
Social connection