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PSY333 > lecture 2 - nervous/endo/homeostasis > Flashcards

lecture 2 - nervous/endo/homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of a neuron

A

dendrite (input)
axon (transmission)
synaptic terminals (output)

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2
Q

purpose of neurons

A

main wiring thru human body

connects with other neurons, tissues, organs and muscles

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3
Q

purpose of glia cells

A

number of functions for maintaining homeostasis and supporting neurons

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4
Q

are glial cells neuronal cells?

A

no

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5
Q

how do synapses communicate

A

through neurotransmitters

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6
Q

criteria for neurotransmitter

A
  1. must be made inside neuron, found in terminal button, and released into synaptic cleft upon an AP arrival
  2. produce an effect on postsynaptic neuron
  3. be deactivated rapidly
  4. have same effect on postsynaptic neuron when applied experimentally and naturally
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7
Q

what are the 2 parts of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

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8
Q

purpose + parts of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

integrative and control centres

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9
Q

purpose + parts of PNS

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

communication lines between CNS and body

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10
Q

function of SNS

A

fight or flight responses

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11
Q

main neurotransmitters in SNS

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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12
Q

function of PNS

A

decrease whatever is increased by the SNS

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13
Q

main neurotransmitter in PNS

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

define neuromodulation

A

chemical regulation by neurons

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15
Q

what do neuromodulators do

A

they affect synthesis, breakdown, and reuptake of neurotransmitters

they do not propagate APs

when secreted, they affect a large amount of neurons

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16
Q

what are the 4 main neuromodulators

A

norepinephrine
acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin

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17
Q

feedback loops

A

needed for information processing

helps us balance

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18
Q

how does the endocrine system communicate

A

by using neuromodulators and hormones

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19
Q

biological stress

A

pressure or tension exerted on an object

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20
Q

psychological stress

A

state of mental/emotional strain due to demanding circumstances

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21
Q

define stress generally

A

real or interpreted threat to physiological or psychological integrity, resulting in physiological or behavioural responses

22
Q

give 2 examples when stress is healthy

A

protects us from danger (adrenaline to run)

performance purposes (in sports)

23
Q

cortisol

A

primary stress response hormone

regulate inflammation

influences immune cell response

has a negative feedback loop with the brain

24
Q

diurnal trend of cortisol circadian rhythm

A

cortisol is highest in the first 30 minutes of waking

then there is a large drop

then it slowly continues to decrease until we sleep

25
Q

what is the cortisol awakening response

A

when cortisol is highest in the morning

26
Q

the HPA stress response system

A

hypothalamus responds to cortisol lvl in our immune system, it releases CRH, this goes in the pituitary gland, then ACTH releases and goes into adrenal gland, and finally cortisol is released in the immune system

27
Q

homeostasis

A

regulating property of organism where stability of internal environment is actively maintained

28
Q

allostasis

A

act of adaptive processes to restore homeostasis when presented with a challenge

promotes adaptation in aftermath of stress

29
Q

allostatic load

A

temporal cascade of multi system dysregulations that contribute to disease trajectories

30
Q

why do we measure allostatic load?

A

to predict morbidity and mortality

31
Q

mortality

A

death

32
Q

morbidity

A

disease or effects of illness

negative side effect of treatment

health of larger population

33
Q

what increases in effective levels of brain activation

A

oxygen to brain
sensory awareness
clearer thinking
available energy
muscle strength
resistance to injury

34
Q

what decreases in over activation of brain

A

logical thought
sensory awareness
conscious control
oxygen to brain
fine motor skills
accurate time perception

also results in fight flight or freeze

35
Q

stress impacts on visual performance

A

decreased peripheral and depth

perceptual distortions

tunnel vision

36
Q

stress impacts on motor performance

A

increased HR respiration

decreased fine motor skills

compromised hand eye coordination

37
Q

stress impacts on cognitive performance

A

decreased oxygen to prefrontal cortex

decreased info retrieval and learned behaviours

38
Q

describe the results of the terrorism, acute stress, and cardiovascular health study

A

high worriers had higher odds for heart health problems

53% increase in new cases of cardiovascular ailments at 2 and 3 years after the 9/11 attacks

39
Q

describe the association of PTSD and disease among war vets in the study

A

those with PTSD had higher ratio of risk for diff types of illnesses compared to controls

40
Q

results for the accumulated stress 9/11 study and conclusions

A

more repeated exposure in media led to increased PTSD symptoms and increased dissociated physical health ailments

conclusion was that repeated stressors can be just as impactful for PTSD symptom development when compared to single traumatic event

41
Q

what percent of public safety personnel screen positive for more than one mental disorder

A

44.5%

42
Q

diurnal cortisol in police study results

A

police officers have more life threat stress and they have higher level in cortisol

specifically, tactical officers have the most cortisol, as they have the most stressful role

43
Q

state and define the 2 types of occupational stress

A

operational stress: the content of your job

organizational stress: the context of your job (interpersonal relations, work life balance, etc)

44
Q

results from occupational stress injuries study

A

only organizational stress predicts mental health symptoms

45
Q

results from study on impact of occupational stress on police performance

A

higher CAR increases odds of committing an error by 6% but only when outliers are included

46
Q

heart rate variability (HRV)

A

how much variation there is between heartbeats

47
Q

what is the HRV like in people with PTSD

A

they have much lower resting HRV

48
Q

results of physiology and performance study on officers in the field

A

red line officer:
as they prepared for the call their heart rate increased

during the intense scenario his heart rate is very high, lasts for 20 mins

blue line officer:
overall has a lower heart rate throughout whole process

49
Q

biofeedback

A

process of gaining awareness of physiological functions in ones body, using instruments allowing u to see changes

50
Q

explain parasympathetic innervation

A

our heart and lungs are both connected to vagus nerves so if you activate one you activate the other!

vagus nerve active>PNS active>health and performance active

51
Q

what is one way to override acute stress?

A

one breath reset technique

the pursed lips engage the PNS

52
Q

result from study showing one breath reset test works

A
  1. pre and post training didnt have much of an impact, but at 6 months and 12 months, there is a decrease in time needed to return to HR
    (however at 18 months it increased again)
  2. right after training, there is a 3% drop in error rate, which is maintained till 12 months, but at 18 months the errors rise

BOTH FINDINGS SUGGEST NEW TRAINING NEEDED AT 18 MONTH POINT FOR BREATH RESET

PSY333 (12 decks)

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