lecture 5

Question 1

define individualism

Answer 1

each person is motivated by self-interest to elevate their own wellbeing with the least efforts and resources possible

Question 2

who is responsible for ones health in the current view of health policy?

Answer 2

the individual themselves

Question 3

Macro-social

Answer 3

Refers to large-scale social, economic, political and cultural forces that influence the life course of masses of people simultaneously

Question 4

what is epidemiology concerned with?

Answer 4

The distribution of disease and death and their determinants and consequences

Question 5

diseases can be ____ and _____

Answer 5

Communicable
Non-communicable

Question 6

What is “epidemiological transition”

Answer 6

Disease patterns, determinants and consequences

Question 7

explain “The Model Minority” and give an example

Answer 7

People who are perceived to be at a higher socio economic success in comparison to the population average

Ex. chinese immigrants were viewed as the model minority (very hardworking, etc)

Used by government to compare to other minority groups as an example of how it is not a systemic issue

Discrimination developed and changed over time, policially convenient if their beneficial to the economy etc

Question 8

list the “highers” and “lowers” of poverty

Answer 8

Lower:
Life expectancy
Living conditions
Access to health care

Higher:
Suicide rates
Suffering from chronic diseases/conditions
Food insecurity
Percent of their income to pay for health care expenses (ex. Dental, prescription medications, health insurance)

Question 9

Food Insecurity

Answer 9

Not enough money to buy nutritious foods

Question 10

___ of indigenous ppl in urban areas live in poverty

Answer 10

1/4

Question 11

what % of ppl are in severely poor/bad housing

Answer 11

5

Question 12

In canada, ___% of people fall below the low income percentage

Answer 12

10%

Question 13

what did increase of industrialization lead to?

Answer 13

increase of productivity and wages

Question 14

in the 1970s, wages become _____ and productivity ______

Answer 14

wages become stagnant while productivity increases

Question 15

Greatest peaks of inequality is a direct result of __________?

Answer 15

the top 1% of earners taking home all the money and not putting it back into the system

Question 16

how do wealthy people get candidates they like in power?

Answer 16

spend money on lobbyists to influence political infrastructure of the country

Question 17

increased income inequality leads to?

Answer 17

increased political polarization

Question 18

what occured in the 1980s?

Answer 18

upward income mobility

Question 19

what was upward income mobility?

Answer 19

low income groups (those in bottom 10%) were able to move up in income

specifically, 72% of them

Question 20

Whitehall study methods and findings

Answer 20

METHODS:
Looking at the interactions between social class, psychosocial factors and lifestyle as the determinants of disease
Social rank of individuals (job title), health detriments around the heart and gut
Everyone had the same access to healthcare (control variable)
25 yrs

RESULTS:
Individuals with lower social rank were more likely to have heart disease and more likely to have fat around the abdomen and gut.

For every decrease in lower ranking people, there is a corresponding increase in health issues

What buffered it? Lower rank have decreased job security → increase stress
Lower perception of self agency in their jobs
Find other ways to regain that hierarchy and control

Question 21

Do politics belong in science?
answer + state why

Answer 21

yes, Policies inform science and vice versa. The two cannot be isolated

Question 22

who developed Phrenology

Answer 22

Franz Gall

Question 23

What was phrenology + its beliefs?

Answer 23

One of the earliest forms of neuroscience and psychology

The human mind could be divided into distinct regions in the brain, measurable through cranial bumps (cranial palpitation)

essentially the theory was shape of a skull indicates mental abilities

Question 24

describe relationship between phrenology and racism

Answer 24

Used to form associations of brain structure and racial type
(ex; hindoo brain is small but european brain is large)

Used to justify and defend slavery on the basis of “inferior race”

Question 25

who is James Marion Sims

Answer 25

“The Father of Modern Gynaecology”

Question 26

what did James Marion Sims do (2 things)

Answer 26

Pioneered tools and surgical techniques for women’s reproductive health during a time treating women was considered distasteful

ex; speculum

Experimented on enslaved women without anaesthesia because he believed black women did not feel pain

4 years later he practiced on white women, but with anesthetics

Question 27

tuskegee experiment

Answer 27

• investigated syphillis
• had no treatment for black men as they faced terrible symptoms

Question 28

how can false beliefs inform medical judgements even today (give example from a study)?

Answer 28

Medical students who endorsed racial biased beliefs rate black (vs. white) patients pain as lower and made less accurate treatment recommendations

Question 29

describe “Healthy Immigrant Effect” and explain a finding about treatment of health issues for minorities vs whites

Answer 29

Mental Health services are underutilized by immigrants compared to other Canadians, so they are less likely to be seen as sick

Once treatment is initiated, there is evidence that racial and ethnic minorities discontinue treatment at rates higher than their white counterparts

Question 30

what is hysteria

Answer 30

Tendency to attribute women’s physical complaints to mental illness

Question 31

Sex selective disorder

Answer 31

Attributing a condition to a sex, and only based on sex

Question 32

what is hysteria now called?

Answer 32

somatization

Question 33

what was the treatment for hysteria?

Answer 33

marriage and sex

Question 34

NHTSA and the Journal Traffic Injury Prevention study findings

Answer 34

Female drivers are 17% more likely to be killed in a car crash than a male occupant of the same age

Seatbelt wearing female occupant has 73% greater odds being seriously injured in a frontal car crash than a seat belt wearing male in the same kind and severity of crash

Question 35

Women are ___ more likely than men to be misdiagnosed and discharged while having a heart attack

Answer 35

7x

Question 36

study findings that show sex bias in health research (4)

Answer 36

Women with chronic pain are much more likely than men to receive prescriptions for sedatives, rather than pain, and have to wait an average of 65 minutes before receiving analgesic (vs men)

the thing abt 7x more likely to be misdiagnosed during heart attack

Lag time from the onset of symptoms (visiting their GP) to diagnosis is longer in female patients than male patients for 6/11 types of cancer, as well as the pooled cancer overall

studies on animals mainly use male mice

Question 37

why do studies using animals usually use MALE mice?

Answer 37

belief that the estrous cycle requires daily tracking that’s time consuming and multiplies cost of research

Question 38

Pendergast et al. 2014 study comparing male variability n wide array of traits to that of females tested at random stages of estrous cycle

Answer 38

9,932 trait measurements across 30 broad categories

Female variability was no greater than that of males on any trait

On 3 traits (metabolism, hormone, morphology) females displayed significantly lower variation than males