Readings

Question 1

What is normal temperature? How is it maintained?

Answer 1

37* C or 98.6* F

maintained by the hypothalamus in the brain

Question 2

What do pyrogens do?

Answer 2

initiates fever by reseting the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher temp

Question 3

What are the specific fever ranges for low, medium, high?

Answer 3

low- 37.7-38.3* C
medium- 38.8-39.4* C
high- 40.0-41.1* C

Question 4

What is the relationship of endotoxin to fever?

Answer 4

produced in the breakdown of the G- cell wall
causes fever
exogenous

Question 5

What is the relationship of interleukin-1 to fever?

Answer 5

endogenous
released during phagocytocis
causes fever

Question 6

What is the relationship of tumor necrosis factor to fever?

Answer 6

endogenous
released during phagocytocis
causes fever

Question 7

What are the benefits of fever?

Answer 7

inhibits multiplication of temp. sensitive organisms
impedes bacteria nutrition by reducing availablity of iron
increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions

Question 8

What are the recommendations for treatment of fever?

Answer 8

high, prolonged fevers in children and high risk patients should be reduced with fever suppresant drugs such as antipyretics (asprin, tylenol)
physical techniques such as bathing

Question 9

What is the etiology of leprosy?

Answer 9

doesn’t grow on artificial media or human tissue cultures

grows in large packets called globi

Question 10

What is the morbidity worldwide of leprosy? in the USA?

Answer 10

500,00-1 million cases worldwide

100-200 cases in the US each year

Question 11

What is the transmission of leprosy?

Answer 11

unknown for sure
may be:
direct contact with the infected
inhalation of droplets

Question 12

How long is the incubation period of leprosy?

Answer 12

varies from 2-5 years

Question 13

Describe tuberculoid leprosy (4)

Answer 13

most superficial form of leprosy
shallow skin lesions
may result in loss of pain sensation
no nodules

Question 14

Describe lepromatous leprosy (5)

Answer 14

deep lesions
sensory loss
skin nodules
mutilation of extremities
infiltrates lymph-nodes

Question 15

What is the treatment of leprosy?

Answer 15

tuberculoid:
rifampin and dapsone for 6 months

lepromatous:
rifampin, dapsone, clofazimine until skin lesions is reduces
dapsone alone indeterminantly (10+ years)

Question 16

Describe the difference between a carbuncle and furuncle

Answer 16

furuncle:
boil
the inflammation of a single hair follicle
occur in clusters

carbuncle:
deep lesion
created by many furuncles joining together

Question 17

What is impetigo?

Answer 17

staph infection not confined to follicles

cuases bubbles to form on skin which can burst and peel

Question 18

What is osteomyelitis?

Answer 18

staph infects the bones

abscesses form under skin

Question 19

What is SSSS?

Answer 19

Staphylococal scalded skin syndrome
caused by exotoxin produced by staph
causes blisters and de-squamation (peeling skin)
found in kids

Question 20

What is AGN?

Answer 20

acute glomerulonephritis
disease of the kidney
long term sequelae of group A strep infection

Question 21

What are the symptoms of AGN?

Answer 21

nephritis (swelling in hands, little urine)
high blood pressure
heart failure
high levels of RBC and WBC in urine

Question 22

What is the difference between artificial passive immunity and artificial active immunity?

Answer 22

both are artifical because they require outside interference
passive is recieving antibodies from someone else through medical therapy
active is having an immune response triggered by an injection of a foreign substance (vaccines)

Question 23

What is ISG?

Answer 23

Immune serum globulin
contains donated immunoglobulin from 1000+ people
is concentrated in antibodies
used to prevent measles and Hep A
also used to replace antibodies in immuno-compromised patients

Question 24

What is SIG?

Answer 24

specific immune globulin
taken from patients with high levels of a specific antibody
used as a prophylactic (prevention)