Lecture 29

Question 1

Describe Clostridium and Bacillus

Answer 1

G+
form spores
clostridium is anaerobic
bacillus is aerobic

Question 2

What is the name of the bacteria that causes botulism?

Answer 2

clostridium botulinum

Question 3

Name 4 characteristic diseases that botulism causes

Answer 3

food poisoning
wound botulism
infant botulism
unclassified

Question 4

Is botulism induced food poisoning food infection or toxicity?

Answer 4

food toxicity (caused by toxin)

Question 5

Name and describe main poison in botulism food poisoning

Answer 5

botulinum type A

neurotoxin

Question 6

Describe characeristics of botulism induced food poisoning

Answer 6

botulism spores aren’t killed when heating
usually occurs in home canning (the heating process makes the can an anaerobic environment)
the bacteria will only grow out in low acid foods

Question 7

How can you sterilize home canning to avoid botulism?

Answer 7

use a pressure cooker to sterilize the cans at 121.5 *C for at least 15 minutes
heat the food before eating because the toxin is heat labile

Question 8

What are the symptoms of botulism induced food poisoning? What is the treatment?

Answer 8

incubation is 12-18 hours
blurred vision and paralysis are the symptoms (if it reaches your diaphragm you stop breathing)
using a respirator and an antitoxin is the treatment (need to use the antitoxin early, before toxin can stick to your nerves)
laxatives can also be used if they catch it really early

Question 9

Describe wound botulism

Answer 9

aka infectious botulism
mostly found in IV drug users who use black tar heroin
Can be treated penicillin G

Question 10

Describe infant botulism

Answer 10

most common form of botulism
infection comes from honey and corn syrup
symptoms look like SIDS (not breathing, death)

Question 11

What strain causes tetanus and how do you get it?

Answer 11

clostridium tetani

found in soil, can get into deep wounds

Question 12

describe the toxin produced by tetanus

[name, type, symptoms]

Answer 12

tetanospasmin
neurotoxin (very powerful)
causes violent contractions of involuntary muscles (lock jaw, death once it stops your diaphragm)

Question 13

What is the morbidity of tetanus world wide and in the USA?

Answer 13

over 1 million cases world wide (usually babies)

only 50 cases in USA

Question 14

What is the treatment for tetanus?

Answer 14

respirator
muscle relaxants
DOC is metronidazole
Antitoxins

Question 15

Name and describe the antitoxins available for tetanus

Answer 15

TIG (Tetanus ImmunoGlobulin)- human sourced, preferred by CDC
TAT (Tetanus AntiToxin)- horse origin, less preferred

Question 16

Name the (5) vaccines to prevent tetanus

Answer 16

DTP
DTaP
Tdap
Td
DT

Question 17

Describe the DTP vaccine

Answer 17

diptheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine adsorbed
not used anymore
pediatric form (higher doses)
toxoid- partially destroyed toxin
Pertussis- whole, dead bacteria

Question 18

Describe the DTaP vaccine

Answer 18

diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine absorbed
current version of tetanus vaccine given to kids
pertussis is acellular so its safer
also given for diph

Question 19

Describe the Tdap vaccine

Answer 19

tetanus and diphtheria toxoids absorbed
uses acellular pertussis
lower doses
used as a booster shot in adolescents and adults

Question 20

Td

Answer 20

tetanus and diphtheria toxoids

adult booster shot

Question 21

DT

Answer 21

diptheria and tetanus toxoids

pediatric form given to kids allergic to pertussis

Question 22

What causes gas gangrene?

Answer 22

clostridium perforinges

Question 23

What are the 2 types of gas gangrene? What is the treatment?

Answer 23

anaerobic cellulites- localized infection
myonecrosis- deep, rapidly spreads
treat with penicillin G

Question 24

Describe antibiotic associated colitis

Answer 24

inflammation of colon caused by broad spectrum antibiotics
clostridium difficile grows out and causes diarrhea
treatment is metronidazole

Question 25

Describe anthrax

[bacteria, transmission, prevention]

Answer 25

bacillus anthracis
spores in the soil are eaten by cows, mostly infects farm workers who handle dead cow
prevent by cremating/deep burial of cows, use vaccine (not popular with humans), use ciprofloxacin

Question 26

What are the forms of anthrax?

Answer 26

cutaneous- necrotic tissue, not too deadly

pulmonary- high ID50, infects lungs, die within hours

Question 27

Describe mycoplasma

Answer 27

firmicute with no cell wall (still considered G-)
mycoplasma pneumoniae
causes walking pneumonia (mild, associated with community acquired pneumonia)
Treatments are:
*erythromycin
*azithromycin
*tetracycline (doxacyclin)