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Histopathology > Reading Week 1 > Flashcards

Reading Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the frontonasal process?

A

the mesenchyme of the developing forebrain

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2
Q

What type of tissue gives rise to the nasal and oral placodes?

A

local thickening of ectoderm

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3
Q

When do the two mandibular processes fuse in the midline to form the lower jaw ?

A

in the 6 week old embryo

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4
Q

What is the fully developed lip innervated by?

A

only the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

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5
Q

What forms the facial muscles?

A

derived from mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arches

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6
Q

What are the facial muscles, primitive lips and cheeks innervated by?

A

the facial nerve

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7
Q

What is the mesenchyme of the frontonasal process formed from?

A

cranial neural crest cells

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8
Q

What is the mesenchyme of the maxillary and mandibular processes derived from?

A

cranial neural crest cells and mesoderm

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9
Q

What are the four fundamental mechanisms that underlie all embryonic development?

A

growth, morphogenesis, cel differentiation, and pattern formation

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10
Q

What turns on sonic hedgehog signaling (Shh)?

A

retinoic acid

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11
Q

What is Shh involved in?

A

regulation of craniofacial development

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12
Q

What do the nasal placodes form?

A

the olfactory epithelium

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13
Q

What do the lens placodes form?

A

eventually become the lens of the eyes

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14
Q

What do the otic placodes form?

A

first part of the ears to form and will eventually become the inner ear

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15
Q

What is holoproscencephaly?

A

congenital abnormality where the developing forebrain fails to divide into separate hemispheres and ventricles

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16
Q

What is macrostomia?

A

enlarged oral orifice

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17
Q

What is microstomia?

A

small oral orifice

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18
Q

What is astomia?

A

lack of oral orifice

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19
Q

What forms facial clefts ?

A

failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes
-can be unilateral or bilateral

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20
Q

What is formed by the first pharyngeal arch?

A

the maxillary and mandibular processes

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21
Q

What causes first arch syndromes?

A

insufficient migration of neural crest cells and decreased cell proliferation

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22
Q

when does the secondary palate form?

A

between the 6th and 8th week of development

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23
Q

What happens in the oral cavity during the 7th week of development?

A

the tongue fills up a majority of the oral cavity

24
Q

When does the stomodeum enlarges and the tongue drop?

A

during the 8th week

25
Q

After the palate fuses, what happens?

A

it must from the vertical and horizontal position

26
Q

What is a necessary enzyme for palate formation?

A

hyaluronan

27
Q

After the palate is formed, what replaces the hyaluronan?

A

proteoglycans

28
Q

What helps to hold the palate shelves together?

A

sticky glycoproteins

29
Q

What type of cell cell junction is seen between the palate shelves?

A

desmosomes

30
Q

Where is the maxillary ossification center?

A

above the developing deciduous canine tooth germ

31
Q

What are palatal cysts?

A

remnants of the nasopalatine ducts
-anterior midline of the palate

32
Q

What are palatal clefts?

A

clefts in the palate that form due to any disturbance of any process during palatogenesis

33
Q

Are clefts due to unifactorial distrubances?

A

no, typically there are many factors that are present
-genetics
-environment
-rubella
-viruses
-excess vitamins

34
Q

What cartilage comes from the first pharyngeal arch and forms the initial outline of the mandible?

A

merkel’s cartilage

35
Q

Where is the ossification center of the mandible?

A

near the future mental foramen

36
Q

What else is formed from Merkel’s cartilage?

A

ear ossicles

37
Q

When does the symphysis of the mandible finally fuse?

A

year 2

38
Q

How does the maxilla grow?

A

by bone remodeling

39
Q

How many buds does the anterior 2/3 of the tongue form from?

A

3
-two distal
-1 median

40
Q

How many swellings is the posterior tongue formed from?

A

one
-hypopharyngeal eminence

41
Q

What influences he development of the tongue muscularture?

A

Smad4-mediated transforming growth factor beta

42
Q

What helps to form filiform papillae?

A

BMPs

43
Q

What signals work with funigform papillae formation?

A

Shh, Wnt6, Lef1, Sox2, and EGF

44
Q

What is required for taste bud development?

A

Sox2

45
Q

Where does the thyroid gland develop?

A

between the median tongue bud and the copula

46
Q

What is the first endocrine gland to develop?

A

the thyroid gland

47
Q

What are the muscles of the tongue innervated by?

A

hypoglossal nerve

48
Q

What is the first salivary gland formed?

A

parotid gland

49
Q

What is the second salivary gland formed?

A

submandibular gland

50
Q

What is ankyloglossia?

A

tongue tie

51
Q

What is microglossia?

A

small tongue

52
Q

What is macroglossia?

A

large tongue

53
Q

What is fissured tongue?

A

tongue with large groups

54
Q

What is bifid tongue?

A

tip of the tongue may be split

55
Q

What is medium rhomboid glottis?

A

nonpapillated, reddish region in the anterior 2/3s of the tongue

56
Q

What is a lingual thyroid?

A

the thyroid is retained in the foramen cecum at the back of the tongue

Histopathology (13 decks)

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