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Histopathology > Alveolar bone and related pathologies > Flashcards

Alveolar bone and related pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the cribriform plate?

A

result of attachment of PDL fibers and passage of vessels and nerves into and out of the PDL

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2
Q

What does bundle bone mean?

A

refers to the bone in which Sharpey’s fibers are embedded

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3
Q

What is the Alveolar bone proper also called?

A

cribriform plate or bundle bone

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4
Q

What is woven bone?

A

immature bone in which the collagen fiber matrix is randomly oriented

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5
Q

when is woven bone formed?

A

newly formed bone or associated with healing wounds

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of woven bone?

A

-more cells per unit area than mature bone
-greater volume of non-collagenous protein
-forms more rapidly than mature bone

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7
Q

What is spongiosa? (cancellous)

A

trabecular bone that lies between the cortical plates and within the marrow spaces

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8
Q

What is the supporting alveolar bone made of?

A

facial and lingual cortical plates
-lamellar bone
-haversian bone
-interstital bone

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9
Q

What type of bone is this?

A

lamellar bone

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10
Q

what type of bone is this?

A

haversian

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11
Q

What is the make up of bone?

A

67% inorganic material
33% organic material

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12
Q

What is the inorganic material of bone?

A

Ca hydroxyapatite

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13
Q

What is the organic material of bone?

A

28% collagen
5%- osteocalcin, sialoprotein, phosphoprotein, osteonectin, BMP

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14
Q

What are all of the cells associated with bone?

A

-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
-osteoclasts
-bone lining cells
-chondroblasts
-chondrocytes
-mesenchymal cells

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15
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

osteoblast that has been entrapped by it’s own osteoid matrix

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16
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

proccesses through bone that radiate in all directions and allow for diffusion of substances throuhg the bone

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17
Q

What is the function of canaliculi?

A

-connection to other osteocytes/osteoblasts
-allowing cell-to-cell communication
-may have some mechanoreception properties as well

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18
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

dense connective tissue bound to bone by sharpeys fibers that contain blood vessels, nerves, and three cell layers

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19
Q

What are the three cell layers of the periosteum?

A

-peripheral cell layer of fibroblasts
-intermediate cell layer of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
-proximal cell layer of osteoblasts

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20
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

lines the medullary cavity and cancellous bone
-generally has the same composition as periosteum but is significantly thinner

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21
Q

What is this pointing to?

A

endosteum

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22
Q

What is this?

A

periosteum

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23
Q

Where is type 1 collagen in bone ?

A

ubiquitous in distribution

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24
Q

Where is type 2 collagen in bone?

A

primarily a cartilage protein

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25
Q

Where is type 3 cartilage in bone?

A

granulation and mesenchymal tissues

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26
Q

where is type 5 cartilage in bone?

A

stromal connective tissue and promotes cellular attachment and migration

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27
Q

Where is type 10 collagen in bone?

A

in the growth plate, facilitates the conversion of cartilage to bone

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28
Q

What are some non-collagenous proteins associated with bone matrix?

A

-osteonectin
-osteopontin
-osteocalcin
-sialoprotein
-phosphoprotein
-glycoprotein
-bone specific protein
-BMP
-carboxyglutamic acid containing protein

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29
Q

What are characteristics of non-collagenous proteins in the bone?

A

-highly acidic nature
-high aggregation tendencies
-calcium binding properties

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30
Q

What is in-situ remodeling?

A

a process of osteoclast resorption, and bone replacement by osteoblast activity
-mostly seen in areas of alveolar bone affected by orthodontics

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31
Q

What is intramembranous bone formation?

A

bone formation within or between connective tissue membranes consisting of type I collagen
-bone does NOT replace cartilage as it done in endochondral bone

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32
Q

What is endochondral bone formation?

A

bone formation within hyaline cartilage that involves a concomitant replacement of the cartilage framework by bone

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33
Q

Steps in in-situ remodeling?

A

-osteoclast; resorption
-osteoblast precursor; reversal
-mature osteoblast; formation
-new bone; resting (osteocytes)

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34
Q

Where is intramembranous bone formed?

A

in the inner spongy layers of bones as well as sutures

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35
Q

IS intramembranous bone formation quick?

A

yes, it is done rapidly and disorganized

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36
Q

What is an example of bone type that is formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

woven bone

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37
Q

What do osteoblasts do in intramembranous ossification?

A

osteoblasts secrete matrix vesicles that mineralize surrounding collagen fibers. the osteoblasts usually become trapped themselves and become osteocytes

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38
Q

What are the contents of the matrix vesicle of bone

A

-alkaline phosphatase
-pyrophosphatase
-glycoproteins
-phosphoproteins
-phospholipids

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39
Q

Where is endochondral ossification seen?

A

vertebrae, long bones, base of skull, and head of mandible

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40
Q

What are the steps of endochondral ossification?

A

-mesenchymal cells make general outline of final bone shape
-cells differentiate into cartilage cells (chondroblasts) which increase in size, secrete collagen and mineralize it with matrix vesicles
-chondrocytes die
-vascular tissue form periochondrium invade the cartilage allowing chondroclasts and mesenchymal cells to enter the area
-chondroclasts eat away the cartilage
-newly differentiated osteoblasts deposit osteoid into cartilage
-osteoid is mineralized by osteocytes and bone is made

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41
Q

What is the growth of endochondral bone dependant on?

A

growth of cartilage and stops once the cartilage has been completely removed

42
Q

What are the zones of cellular activity of endochondral ossification?

A

-reserve or resting chondrocytes
-proliferation
-maturation
-hypertrophy and calcification
-cartilage degeneration
-osteogenesis

43
Q

What helps to control bone metabolism?

A

systemically- hormones
locally- mechanical factors, growth factors, and cytokines

44
Q

What hormones are important to bone metabolism?

A

-parathyroid hormone
-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
-calcitonin
-estrogen
-glucocorticoids

45
Q

what cytokines and growth factors are important to bone metabolism?

A

-interleukin 1
-interleukin 6
-BMP2 and BMP7
-transforming growth factor
-insulin growth factor 1 and 2
-platelet derived growth factor
-fibroblasts growth factor-beta

46
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete to activate osteoclasts?

A

IL-6

47
Q

What cytokines cause osteoblasts to secrete IL-6?

A

-interleukin 11
-tumor necrosis factor alpha
-prostaglandins E2
-parathyroid hormone
-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

48
Q

How do osteoclasts cause the breakdown of bone ?

A

creation of localized acidic pH to demineralize hydroxyapatite and a variety of enzymes to degrade the organic bone matrix

49
Q

What enzymes are created to degrade organic bone matrix?

A

lactic acid
citric acid
free protons
acid phosphatase
aryl sulfatase
collagnease
gelatinase

50
Q

What determines the facial and lingual shape of cortical bone?

A

-facial-lingual alignment of teeth
-mesial to distal contour of CEJ
-facial-lingual width of teeth
-presence of enamel pearls or cervical enamel projections

51
Q

What determines the shape of interproximal alveolar bone?

A

-facial to lingual contour of CEJ
-mesial or distal tilt of the tooth
-root proximity
-presence of enamel pearl
-state of tooth eruption

52
Q

What are fenestrations of alveolar bone?

A

isolated “port-hole” in the cortical bone that allows exposure of the underlying root surface

53
Q

What is a dehiscence of alveolar bone?

A

denuded area of cortical bone that extends through through the marginal bone creating a ‘cleft-like’ defect

54
Q

What is exostosis?

A

area of bone formation that exceeds the average for a given anatomical area
-term used in reference to maxillary facial and lingual and mandibular facial

55
Q

What are torus/tori?

A

area of bone formation that exceeds the average for a given anatomical area
-term used in reference to mandibular lingual or midline of palate

56
Q

What is a giant cell tumor?

A

generally asymptomatic causing a painless expansion of bone
-usually a single lesion that can either unilocular or multilocular
-often confused with ameloblastoma or periapical granumlona or periapical cyst

57
Q

What is the histology of a giant cell tumor?

A

presence of numerous multinucleated giant cells in a stroma of ovoid and spindle shaped mesenchymal cells

58
Q

what this?

A

giant cell tumor

59
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

malignancy of plasma cell origin that accounts for nearly 50% of all malignancies involving bone

60
Q

What cell types do multiple myeloma come from?

A

abnormal monoclonal cells

61
Q

What do patients with multiple myeloma typically also suffer from?

A

kidney failure due to overload of circulating light chain proteins produced by abnormal plasma cells

62
Q

What does histology of multiple myeloma show?

A

monotonous sheets of neoplastic, variably differentiated, plasmacytoid cells that invade and replace host tssue

63
Q

what does multiple myeloma look like radiographically?

A

look like punched out areas in the cranium
-filled with neoplastic plasmacytoid cells

64
Q

what this?

A

multiple myeloma

65
Q

what this?

A

multiple myeloma

66
Q

What is osteogenic sarcoma?

A

malignancy of mesenchymal cells that have the ability to produce osteoid or immature cells

67
Q

What is the most common type of malignancy that originates in the bone?

A

besides hematopoietic neoplasms, osteogenic sarcoma

68
Q

What are the most common symptoms of osteogenic sarcoma?

A

pain and swelling

69
Q

What are radiographic findings of osteogenic sarcoma?

A

anywhere from dense sclerosis to a mixed sclerotic-radiolucent lesion
-25% show sunburst pattern

70
Q

what this?

A

osteogenic sarcoma

71
Q

What is the embryonic origin of enamel?

A

ectoderm

72
Q

What is the embryonic origin of dentin?

A

mesenchyme and ectomesenchyme

73
Q

What is the embryonic origin of cementum?

A

mesenchyme and ectomesenchyme

74
Q

What is the embryonic origin of bone?

A

mesenchyme and ectomesenchymeW

75
Q

What is the matrix forming cell of enamel?

A

ameloblast

76
Q

What is the matrix forming cell of dentin?

A

odontoblast

77
Q

What is the matrix forming cell of cementum?

A

cementoblast

78
Q

What is the matrix forming cell of bone?

A

osteoblast

79
Q

What is the mechanism of growth of enamel?

A

appositional

80
Q

What is the mechanism of growth of dentin?

A

appositional

81
Q

What is the mechanism of growth of cementum?

A

appositional

82
Q

What is the mechanism of growth of bone?

A

appositional and interstitial

83
Q

What is the percent mineral of enamel?

A

96%

84
Q

What is the percent mineral of dentin?

A

65-70%

85
Q

What is the percent mineral of cementum?

A

45-50%

86
Q

What is the percent mineral of bone?

A

60-67%

87
Q

What is the organic matrix of enamel?

A

amelogenin and enamelin

88
Q

What is the organic matrix of dentin?

A

collagen type I

89
Q

What is the organic matrix of cementim?

A

collagen type I

90
Q

What is the organic matrix of bone?

A

collagen type I

91
Q

Is there blood supply of enamel?

A

no

92
Q

Is there blood supply of dentin?

A

no

93
Q

Is there blood supply of cementum?

A

no

94
Q

Is there blood supply of bone?

A

yes

95
Q

Is there innervation of enamel?

A

no

96
Q

Is there innervation of dentin?

A

limited

97
Q

Is there innervation of cementum?

A

no

98
Q

Is there innervation of bone

A

yes

99
Q

What is the intercellular space of enamel?

A

none

100
Q

What is the intercellular space of dentin?

A

dentinal tubules

101
Q

What is the intercellular space of cementum?

A

lacunae and canaliculi

102
Q

What is the intercellular space of bone?

A

lacunae and canaliculi

Histopathology (13 decks)

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