Reading Quiz Review Flashcards
1
Q
Sucrose is made up of one fructose and one glucose bonded by a glycosidic linkage. Sucrose would be considered a:
A
Disaccharide
2
Q
Name a compound with the following characteristics:
A. The most abundant organic compound on earth
B. Provider of extracellular protection for plants
A
Cellulose
3
Q
A fat with sugars attached to it is a:
A
Glycolipid
4
Q
A monosaccharide with five carbons is a:
A
Pentose
5
Q
A single sugar is considered a:
A
Monosaccharide
6
Q
The polysaccharide humans store as a reserve energy source is:
A
Glycogen
7
Q
A protein with sugars attached to it is a:
A
Glycoprotein
8
Q
What is another name for dietary fiber?
A
Cellulose
9
Q
Humans can digest carbohydrates joined by β1-4 linkages.
True of False?
A
False
10
Q
Carbohydrates are generally hydrophilic.
True or False?
A
True
11
Q
Steroids are based on the ringed molecule:
A
Cholesterol
12
Q
Fatty acids are _____. This means that they have a long hydrophobic section and a hydrophilic carboxylic acid.
A
Amphipathic
13
Q
Triacylglycerols are made of one _____ molecule with three fatty acids bound to it.
A
Glycerol
14
Q
Because their carbon chains are bent, ____ fatty acids are generally liquid at room temperature.
A
Unsaturated
15
Q
The type of chemical bond that binds a fatty acid to a glycerol molecule is a(n):
A
Ester bond
16
Q
In which type of energy storage molecule is the most energy stored in humans?
A
Triacylglycerols
17
Q
Fatty acids must always have an odd number of carbons.
True or false?
A
False
18
Q
What are the five things that affect rate of enzymatic function?
A
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration
Ionic strength
pH
Temperature
19
Q
Both myoglobin and hemoglobin are able to carry oxygen. To what (exactly) does the oxygen bind?
A
Iron
20
Q
Covalent bonds between distant cysteine amino acids that help hold a polypeptide in tertiary structure are called ____ bonds (or bridges).
A
Disulfide bonds
21
Q
In ____ structure, short segments of the polypeptide chain are arranged into α- helices or β-pleated sheets.
A
Secondary structure
22
Q
Amino acids all have a central carbon bound to an amino group, a carboxylic acid, and a variable group called a ____ that determines the unique nature of the amino acid.
A
Side chain
23
Q
What part of the amino acid determines its nature or what kind of amino acid it is?
A
The side chain
24
Q
Sometimes multiple fully folded polypeptides come together and act together to catalyze chemical reactions. This is the case in ____ structure. Not all proteins have this level of structure.
A
Quaternary structure
25
The catalytic activity of enzymes occurs at the enzymes ____.
Active site
26
______ bonds are responsible for stabilizing β-pleated sheets.
Hydrogen bonds
27
Distant sections of the polypeptide are brought together as the entire polypeptide chain folds into _____ structure.
Tertiary structure
28
Myoglobin and hemoglobin are both important for oxygen delivery. Where is myoglobin found?
Muscle tissue
29
In the ______ model for substrate interaction the substrate fits the active site perfectly.
Lock and Key model
30
Opposing ions are attracted to each other and interact through _______ bonds.
Ionic bonds
31
Functional hemoglobin has _____ structure.
Quaternary structure
32
Enzymes are catalytic and act on _____ that they modify to create products.
Substrates
33
_____ structure is a long straight polypeptide chain.
Primary structure
34
Where are attractions between hydrophobic amino acids more likely to be found in a folded protein?
The interior
35
One end of a polypeptide has an NH3+ and the other has a CO2-. Is the NH3+ at the beginning or the end of the polypeptide?
Beginning
36
How important to the function of the protein is it that the protein be folded into the correct shape?
It is essential
37
Enzymes aren’t always proteins.
True or False?
True
38
Converting substrates to products changes an enzyme from its native state.
True or False
False
39
Enzymes change the rate of reactions but not the outcome of reactions.
True or False?
True
40
Antibodies, neurotransmitters, and enzymes are examples of catalytic proteins.
True or False
False
41
Enzymes increase reaction velocities, only act of specific substrates, and are highly regulated giving organisms great control over their catalytic activity.
True or False?
True
42
______ transfers the energy on phosphate group of creatine phosphate to ADP in order to regenerate ATP
Creatine Kinase
43
Where in the cell do the creatine kinase, adenylate kinase, and adenylate deaminase reactions occur?
Cytosol
44
Which enzyme converts two ADP to one AMP and one ATP?
Adenylate kinase
45
Creatine phosphate hydrolysis is more exergonic than ATP hydrolysis.
True of False?
True
46
The creatine kinase reaction is anaerobic, but the adenylate cyclase and adenylate deaminase reactions are aerobic.
True of False?
False
47
Converting AMP to IMP is done by adenylate kinase to increase its rate of ATP production.
True or False?
False
48
Hydrolysis of phosphagens:
Releases lots of energy
49
All phosphagens have ______ groups.
Phosphoryl groups
50
During anabolism, movement, active transport, and signal amplification, ATP is _______.
Consumed
51
During catabolism and photosynthesis, ATP is_____.
Produced
52
During maximal exercise, without recycling ATP, ATP stores should be expended in:
3 seconds
53
The phosphagen system is capable of powering exercise for:
7 seconds
54
Adaptation to chronic exercise is the slowest type of adaptation, but its affects are the shortest lived.
True or False?
False
55
Enzyme activity may be increased or decreased by both allosteric regulation and covalent modification.
True or False?
True
56
Addition of a phosphate group by covalent modification is called:
Phosphorylation
57
Exercise performed at an intensity greater than 75% of VO2max is considered:
Hard exercise
58
How long does it take for allosteric regulation to occur?
Milliseconds
59
If an effector decreases enzyme activity then it is considered an:
Inhibitor
60
_____ is the maximum volume of oxygen a person can use in one minute?
VO2max
61
_____ modification is a type of regulation in which phosphate groups may be added to an enzyme to alter its activity.
Covalent
62
Exercise performed at an intensity less than 50% VO2max is considered:
Light exercise
63
Enzymes that remove phosphates from targets are called:
Phosphatases
64
____ regulation occurs as an effector interacts (binds) at a place on the enzyme other than the active site.
Allosteric
65
Key enzyme that are often inhibited, thus slowing the activity of an entire metabolic pathway, are called:
Rate-Limiting Enzymes
66
How long does it generally take to alter enzymes activity by adding a phosphate to it?
Seconds
67
Exercise performed at an intensity between 50-74% of VO2max is considered:
Moderate exercise
68
Often, metabolic pathways will be inhibited (catalysis of enzymes decreases) as a product of the pathway interacts with an enzyme of the pathway to slow down its activity. This type of pathway regulation is considered:
Feedback inhibition
69
If an effector increases enzyme activity then it is considered an:
Activator
70
Enzymes that add phosphates to targets are called:
Kinases
71
The process in which Pyruvate is converted to lactate is called:
Fermentation
72
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
73
To regulate glycogen metabolism, epinephrine binds to:
β-adrenergic receptors
74
The enzyme that removes branches in glycogenolysis is:
Debranching enzyme
75
_____ is present in the saliva and pancreatic excretions and degrades dietary carbs.
Amylase
76
As a result of insulin stimulation, ____ dephosphorylates and activates glycogen synthesis.
PP1
77
What is the name of the transporter that, as a result of stimulation by exercise, allows glucose from the blood to enter the skeletal muscle?
GLUT4
78
Which enzyme, activated by the epipnephrine signaling cascade, phosphorylation and inhibits glycogen synthesis?
Protein Kinase A
79
What is the most common energy pathway?
Glycolysis
80
Do Pi, AMP, calcium, and epinephrine activate or inhibit glycogenolysis?
Activate
81
Where in the cell do glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis occur?
Cytosol
82
Which enzyme breaks the vast majority of α1-4 glycosidic bonds in glycogen?
Phosphorylase
83
What is the second messenger produced as a result of epinephrine?
cAMP
84
What is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase
85
If there is not sufficient oxygen in the muscle or if the exercise intensity is too high and ATP need is too great then what is the name of the process that will occur?
Fermentation
86
The enzyme _____ is produced by the intestinal microvilli and breaks a disaccharide down to glucose and fructose.
Sucrase
87
What enzyme slows glycogenolysis by removing a phosphate from phosphorylase?
PP1
88
Which enzyme activates phosphorylase by adding a phosphate to it?
Phosphorylase kinase
89
Does ATP stimulate or inhibit glycolysis?
Inhibit
90
Name the enzyme that creates straight glucose chains in glycogen by forming α1-4 glycosidic bonds.
Glycogen synthase
91
What enzyme phosphorylase phosphenolpyruvate, creating pyruvate?
Pyruvate Kinase
92
Absorbed carbohydrates are transferred from the gut to the liver via the:
Portal vein
93
What is the activated form of glucose used for glycogen synthesis?
UDP-glucose
94
How many net ATP are produced by glycolysis when glucose from glycogen is the initial substrate?
3
95
What kinase is activated by cAMP?
Protein Kinase A
96
Does insulin activate or inhibit glycogenolysis?
Inhibit
97
Which enzyme forms α1-6 glycosidic bonds in glycogen?
Branching enzyme
98
Most fatty acids have an even number of carbons.
True of False?
True
99
By far, the majority of adipocyte mass is:
Triacylglycerols
100
Catecholamine signaling through the β-adrenergic receptor activates PKA which stimulates:
Hormone-Sensitive Lipase (Triacylglycerol Lipase)
101
____ carries free fatty acids in the blood.
Albumin
102
We create unsaturated fats by removing electrons from fatty acids with:
Desaturases
103
____ uses acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to create fatty acids.
Fatty Acid Synthase
104
Fat droplets are surrounded by a phospholipid _____.
Monolayer
105
Insulin inhibits Lipolysis by reducing the cellular content of _____ by converting it to AMP.
cAMP
106
These enzymes, _____, add carbons to palmitate after their creation by fatty acid synthase.
Elongases
107
Within cells, TAGS are contained within structures called:
Fat droplets
108
____ adds a CoA group to fatty acids (forming Acyl groups) preceding their addition to glycerol-3-phosphate.
Acyl-CoA Synthetase
109
In ____, fatty acids are broken down as two carbon units (acetyl-CoA) are removed in each round of this oxidation process.
β-oxidation
110
Insulin signaling results in activation of _____ which converts cAMP to AMP.
Phosphodiesterase
111
In order to get acetyl-CoA into the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis, mitochondrial citrate is transported to the cytosol and converted to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme:
Citrate lyase
112
The reducing agent used by fatty acid synthase to reduce new fats is:
NADPH
113
_____ sit on the surface of fat droplets and prevent lipolytic enzymes from accessing TAGs.
Perilipins
114
_____ adds the final Acyl group to the third carbon of diacylglycerol?
Triacylglycerol Synthase Complex
115
As a result of catecholamine signaling in adipocytes, _____ becomes active and stimulates lipolysis by phosphorylation HSL and perilipin.
Protein Kinase A
116
β-oxidation happens in the _____\ (cell location).
Mitochondrial matrix
117
Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the ______ (cellular location).
Cytosol
118
Glycerol-3-phosphate, the activated form of glycerol used in TAG synthesis, is made from ______ by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate
119
The removal of Acyl groups from TAGs is called:
Lipolysis
120
A NEFA is the same as a:
FFA
Free Fatty Acid
121
Complete oxidation of palmitate (16 carbons) generates ____ ATP.
106
122
_____ adds Acyl groups to the first and second carbons of glycerol-3-phosphate.
Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase
123
Phosphorylation by Protein Kinase A causes _____ to increase the rate that it removes Acyl groups from TAG.
Hormone-Sensitive Lipase
124
____ produces malonyl-CoA by adding another carbon to acetyl-CoA.
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
125
In what part of the cell does TAG synthesis happen?
Cytosol
126
Triacylglycerols lipase is also known as:
Hormone-sensitive Lipase
127
Between FFAs and glycerol, which requires a carrier to take it from adipose tissue to the muscle for oxidation?
FFA
128
Having been carried from adipose tissue to the bloodstream, fatty acids are taken into the much by transporters such as:
FAT (CD 36)
FABP
129
During prolonged exercise, skeletal muscle can generate _____ percent of its ATP from ketone bodies.
7%
130
Activity of which metabolic pathway would be most reduced if the CAT transport system were inhibited?
β-oxidation
131
In general, the rate of conduction of fatty acids across the cell (plasma) membrane would be considered _____.
Slow
132
Name two ketone bodies.
Acetoacetate
Hydroxybutarate
133
____ removes carbitine from acyl-carnitines and replaces it with CoA?
Carnitine Acyltransferase II
134
β-oxidation occurs in the:
Mitochondrial matrix
135
Acyl-Carnitines move into the mitochondrial matrix through:
Translocase
136
Humans are not capable of forming a double bond beyond carbon number _____ in fatty acids.
10
137
Translocase is located within the:
Inner mitochondrial membrane
138
Ketone bodies are generally formed in the presence of diminished amounts of what metabolite (not macronutrient)?
Oxaloacetate
139
Carnitine Acyltransferase II (CAT II) is located in the:
Mitochondrial matrix
140
_____ fatty acids are those that we cannot produce ourselves and must consume in our diet?
Essential
141
_____ removes the CoA from an Acyl-CoA and replaces it with Carnitine?
Carnitine Acyltransferase I (CAT I)
142
Ketone bodies are formed in the _____ (intercellular location).
Mitochondrial matrix
143
Acyl-CoAs longer than _____ carbons must be transports across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
14 carbons
144
CAT I is located within the ______.
Outer mitochondrial membrane
145
Ketone bodies are formed in which organ?
Liver
146
An elite athlete can generate ATP from fat fast enough to fuel intense exercise exclusively from fat-derived ATP.
True or False?
False
147
Eating a carbohydrate supplement during prolonged physical activity while you exercise will help you smell better.
True or False?
True
148
_____ amino acids may be used to produce ketone bodies.
Ketogenic
149
Name the 7 “metabolic entry points” to which amino acids are converted en route to complete oxidation.
Pyruvate
Acetyl-CoA
Acetoacyl-CoA
Succinyl-CoA
α-ketoglutarate
Fumarate
Oxaloacetate
150
_____ exercise causes net protein synthesis during exercise.
Hard resistance
151
Cellular proteins are marked for degradation by addition of ______ to the protein.
Ubiquitin
152
____ are large, multi-subunit complexes that synthesis proteins based on the nucleotide code of mRNA.
Ribosomes
153
Most nitrogen leaves the body as _____ (molecule or class of molecules).
Urea
154
_______ remove amino groups from amino acids and bind those amino acids to other compounds.
Transaminase (aminotransferase)
155
_____ degrades dietary protein in the gut.
Proteases
156
The end product of most gene expression is a ______.
Protein
157
____ is/are the main source of ammonia during moderate-intensity exercise.
Amino Acids
158
Name a Krebs cycle intermediate that is not one of the “metabolic entry points” that amino acids are converted to.
Succinate
159
Degradation of cellular protein is carried out by:
Proteasomes
160
_______ is/are the main source of ammonia during high-intensity exercise?
AMP
161
_______ simply remove amino groups from amino acids.
Deaminase
162
________amino acids may be used to produce glucose.
Gluconeogenic (glucogenic)
163
Breakdown of proteins is called:
Proteolysis
164
An average of _____ ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of the carbon skeletons of amino acids.
22
165
______ adds ubiquitin to proteins.
Ubiquitin ligase
166
The advent late kinase reaction produces ammonia during high-intensity exercise.
True or False
False
167
Both resistance and endurance exercise cause an immediate increase in the rate of protein degradation.
True or False
True
168
Once activated, proteases randomly cleave peptide bonds of their target proteins until those proteins are degraded to single amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides.
True or False
False
169
Some amino acids may be used to produce both glucose and ketone bodies.
True or False
True
170
Protein degradation rates are generally increased for about four days after exercise.
True or False
False
171
Protein synthesis and protein breakdown are always happening inside the body.
True or False
True
