Chapter One: Introduction Flashcards
What is bioenergetics?
The study of energy transposition through varying metabolic conditions.
What is the study of energy transposition through varying metabolic conditions?
Bioenergetics
What is a covalent bond?
When two atoms share electrons
What bond is formed when two atoms share electrons?
A covalent bond
What type of chemical bond is formed when electrons are shared equally?
Neutral Covalent Bond
What is a neutral covalent bond?
When electrons are shared equally between two atoms
What type of chemical bond involves the unequal sharing of electrons?
Polar Covalent Bond
What is a polar covalent bond?
A bond involving unequal sharing of electrons
In a polar covalent bond, with unequal electron sharing, is there a resulting charge?
Yes it is partially charged
What is an ionic bond?
Electron theft, and attraction to mutually opposing charges
What type of bond forms when an electron is stolen from an atom?
An ionic bond
When the nuclei of some elements attract electrons more strongly than others this is know as:
Electronegativity
What is electronegativity?
When the nuclei of some elements are more strongly attracted to others
What elements display the strongest electronegativity?
Nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine, and fluorine
What causes polarity?
Electronegativity
Polar compounds contain ____ charges, while nonpolar compounds contain ____ charges.
Partial, no
What are anions?
Negatively charged ions
What are negatively charged ions called?
Anions
What are cations?
Positively charged ions
What are positively charged ions called?
Cations
What ion has a positive and a negative charge?
Zwitterion
What is a molecule?
Identical atoms joined together. Like O2
Identical atoms joined together is known as a:
Molecule
What is make up of different atoms of different elements?
Compounds
Are hydrophilic molecules polar or non-polar?
Polar
Are hydrophobic molecules polar or non-polar?
Non-Polar
What shape has the lowest surface to volume ratio?
A sphere
If a solution has the same composition throughout its mass, it is said to be:
Homogenous
What is miscibility?
The ability of two components to mix and form a homogenous solution
Liquids that can mix together in any proportion are known as:
Miscible
Liquids that do not mix are known as:
Immiscible
What is an emulsion?
A mixture of two or more immiscible fluids
When compounds interact to form a new compound, this is known as a:
Chemical reaction
What is a chemical reaction?
When compounds interact to form a new compound
The initial material in a chemical reaction is known as:
Reactants
The final material in a chemical reaction is known as a:
Product
What is chemical equilibrium?
When a reaction reaches a state of constant flux with no net change
How is pH measure?
On a negative log scale
Proton donors are known as:
Acids
Proton acceptors are known as:
Bases
An increase in proton concentration leads to a ____ in pH.
Decrease
A decrease in proton concentration leads to an _____ in pH.
Increase
What are the four types of macromolecules?
Proteins, Carbs, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
What is a macromolecule?
A large conglomeration of smaller individual molecules
An organic molecule is:
Carbon based
An inorganic molecule is:
Not carbon based
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
A proposal that states that mitochondria evolved through a symbiotic relationship when one cell engulfed a bacterium
What are the five characteristics that provide validity to the endosymbiotic theory?
- 2 membranes
- DNA: Circular, plasmid like
- Ribosomes
- Size: Like a prokaryotic cell
- Divide by a process like bacteria
