Chapter One: Introduction

Question 1

What is bioenergetics?

Answer 1

The study of energy transposition through varying metabolic conditions.

Question 2

What is the study of energy transposition through varying metabolic conditions?

Answer 2

Bioenergetics

Question 3

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 3

When two atoms share electrons

Question 4

What bond is formed when two atoms share electrons?

Answer 4

A covalent bond

Question 5

What type of chemical bond is formed when electrons are shared equally?

Answer 5

Neutral Covalent Bond

Question 6

What is a neutral covalent bond?

Answer 6

When electrons are shared equally between two atoms

Question 7

What type of chemical bond involves the unequal sharing of electrons?

Answer 7

Polar Covalent Bond

Question 8

What is a polar covalent bond?

Answer 8

A bond involving unequal sharing of electrons

Question 9

In a polar covalent bond, with unequal electron sharing, is there a resulting charge?

Answer 9

Yes it is partially charged

Question 10

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 10

Electron theft, and attraction to mutually opposing charges

Question 11

What type of bond forms when an electron is stolen from an atom?

Answer 11

An ionic bond

Question 12

When the nuclei of some elements attract electrons more strongly than others this is know as:

Answer 12

Electronegativity

Question 13

What is electronegativity?

Answer 13

When the nuclei of some elements are more strongly attracted to others

Question 14

What elements display the strongest electronegativity?

Answer 14

Nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine, and fluorine

Question 15

What causes polarity?

Answer 15

Electronegativity

Question 16

Polar compounds contain ____ charges, while nonpolar compounds contain ____ charges.

Answer 16

Partial, no

Question 17

What are anions?

Answer 17

Negatively charged ions

Question 18

What are negatively charged ions called?

Answer 18

Anions

Question 19

What are cations?

Answer 19

Positively charged ions

Question 20

What are positively charged ions called?

Answer 20

Cations

Question 21

What ion has a positive and a negative charge?

Answer 21

Zwitterion

Question 22

What is a molecule?

Answer 22

Identical atoms joined together. Like O2

Question 23

Identical atoms joined together is known as a:

Answer 23

Molecule

Question 24

What is make up of different atoms of different elements?

Answer 24

Compounds

Question 25

Are hydrophilic molecules polar or non-polar?

Answer 25

Polar

Question 26

Are hydrophobic molecules polar or non-polar?

Answer 26

Non-Polar

Question 27

What shape has the lowest surface to volume ratio?

Answer 27

A sphere

Question 28

If a solution has the same composition throughout its mass, it is said to be:

Answer 28

Homogenous

Question 29

What is miscibility?

Answer 29

The ability of two components to mix and form a homogenous solution

Question 30

Liquids that can mix together in any proportion are known as:

Answer 30

Miscible

Question 31

Liquids that do not mix are known as:

Answer 31

Immiscible

Question 32

What is an emulsion?

Answer 32

A mixture of two or more immiscible fluids

Question 33

When compounds interact to form a new compound, this is known as a:

Answer 33

Chemical reaction

Question 34

What is a chemical reaction?

Answer 34

When compounds interact to form a new compound

Question 35

The initial material in a chemical reaction is known as:

Answer 35

Reactants

Question 36

The final material in a chemical reaction is known as a:

Answer 36

Product

Question 37

What is chemical equilibrium?

Answer 37

When a reaction reaches a state of constant flux with no net change

Question 38

How is pH measure?

Answer 38

On a negative log scale

Question 39

Proton donors are known as:

Answer 39

Acids

Question 40

Proton acceptors are known as:

Answer 40

Bases

Question 41

An increase in proton concentration leads to a ____ in pH.

Answer 41

Decrease

Question 42

A decrease in proton concentration leads to an _____ in pH.

Answer 42

Increase

Question 43

What are the four types of macromolecules?

Answer 43

Proteins, Carbs, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

Question 44

What is a macromolecule?

Answer 44

A large conglomeration of smaller individual molecules

Question 45

An organic molecule is:

Answer 45

Carbon based

Question 46

An inorganic molecule is:

Answer 46

Not carbon based

Question 47

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 47

A proposal that states that mitochondria evolved through a symbiotic relationship when one cell engulfed a bacterium

Question 48

What are the five characteristics that provide validity to the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 48

1. **2 membranes** 2. **DNA**: Circular, plasmid like 3. **Ribosomes** 4. **Size**: Like a prokaryotic cell 5. **Divide** by a process like bacteria