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Exercise Metabolism > Chapter Two: Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter Two: Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in a living organism is known as:

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of ALL chemical reactions that occur in a living organism

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3
Q

What is a sequence of many chemical reactions that depend on each other?

A

Metabolic Pathways

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4
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

A sequence of many chemical reactions that all depend on each other

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5
Q

What is chemical thermodynamics?

A

The study of energy changes in chemical systems

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6
Q

What is the study of energy changes in chemical systems?

A

Chemical thermodynamics

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7
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

The science of energy transposition under varying metabolic conditions

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8
Q

What is the science of energy transposition under varying metabolic conditions?

A

Bioenergetics

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9
Q

What is Gibb’s Free Energy (G)?

A

The energy available to do work

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10
Q

The energy available to do work is known as:

A

Gibb’s Free Energy (G)

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11
Q

If ΔG < 0, the reaction is said to be:

A

Exergonic

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12
Q

If ΔG > 0, a reaction is said to be:

A

Endergonic

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13
Q

If a reaction has a ΔG < 0, the reaction:

A

Proceeds spontaneously

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14
Q

If a reaction has a ΔG > 0 the reaction:

A

Will not proceed spontaneously

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15
Q

Exergonic reactions have a ΔG ___ 0.

A

Less than (<)

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16
Q

Endergonic reactions have a ΔG of ___ 0.

A

Greater than (>)

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17
Q

What is equilibrium in a chemical reaction?

A

When there is no net change in reactants and products

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18
Q

When there is no net change in the reactants and products of a reaction, it is said to be in___.

A

Equilibrium

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19
Q

If a reaction has reached equilibrium, it’s ΔG____.

A

=0

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20
Q

When ΔG = 0, a reaction has reached:

A

Equilibrium

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21
Q

Free energy is measured in what units?

A

Joules, kilojoules, and kilocalories

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22
Q

1 kilocalorie = ____ J

A

4,184 Joules

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23
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

Adenine
Ribose
Phosphoryl groups

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24
Q

What is Pi?
What is PPi?

A

Inorganic phosphate
Inorganic pyrophosphate (pyrophosphate)

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25
When ATP + H2O <===> ADP + Pi + H+, how much energy results? What type of reaction is it?
ΔG = -7.3 kcal Exergonic
26
When ATP + H2O <===> AMP + PPi + H+, how much energy is produced? What kind of reaction is it?
ΔG = -10.9 kcal Exergonic
27
When PPi + H2O <==> 2 Pi + H+, how much energy is produced? What kind of reaction is it?
ΔG = -4.6 kcal Exergonic
28
When ATP + 2 H2O <===> AMP + PPi + 2 H+, how much energy is produced? What kind of reaction is it?
ΔG = -15.5 kcal Exergonic
29
What is catabolism?
A degradation process where biological molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
30
When biological molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, this is known as:
Catabolism
31
What is anabolism?
A biosynthetic process where larger molecules are formed from smaller units (metabolites)
32
When larger molecules are formed from smaller molecules, this is known as ____.
Anabolism
33
Catabolism _____ energy, and anabolism ____ energy.
Releases, requires
34
Because anabolism requires energy, it must be coupled with an:
Exergonic reaction
35
What is the central concept of metabolism?
Catabolism yields energy for synthesis of ATP, which is spent in biological functions requiring energy (anabolism, work)
36
What is oxidation?
A loss of electrons
37
What is it called when something loses electrons?
Oxidation
38
What is reduction?
When something gains electrons
39
When something gains electrons this is known as:
Reduction
40
If a molecule is oxidized, another MUST be ___.
Reduced
41
If a molecule is reduced, another MUST be___.
Oxidized
42
What is a redox reaction?
When one molecule is oxidized, and another is reduced
43
Metabolites are oxidized by electron removal in ____.
Catabolism
44
Metabolites are reduced by electron addition in ____.
Anabolism
45
What is the full name of NAD+?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
46
What is NAD+?
An important electron carrier, necessary for catabolism
47
What is the full name of NADP+?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
48
What does NADPH do?
It is the main electron donor in reduction reactions for anabolism
49
What is the full name of FAD? Where is it derived from?
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Derived from riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
50
Is FAD an oxidant or a reductant?
Oxidant
51
The ultimate electron receptor (oxidant) in metabolism is?
O2
52
What are the stages of catabolism?
Stage 1: Gut Stage 2: Inside Cells Stage 3: Mitochondria
53
What happens in stage 1 of catabolism?
Macromolecules are broken down in the gut into their monomers
54
Carbohydrates break down into:
Glucose
55
Lipids break down into:
Fatty acids, glycerol
56
Proteins break down into:
Amino acids
57
How much ATP is synthesized in stage 1 of catabolism?
Zero
58
What happens in stage 2 of catabolism?
Metabolites are further degraded into compounds central to metabolism
59
Glucose and glycerol are ____ in glycolysis?
Oxidized
60
Glycolysis breaks a glucose molecule into:
Two pyruvate molecules
61
Each pyruvate molecule is broken down into: What is also released?
Acetyl-CoA CO2
62
Fatty Acids are ____ in β-oxidation.
Oxidized
63
Fatty acids, glucose, and glycerol enter the common pathways as____.
Acetyl-CoA
64
Amino acids follow individual pathways and enter common pathways at:
Numerous points
65
How much ATP is produced in Stage 2 of catabolism?
A small amount (Usually 4 ATP)
66
Where does stage 3 of catabolism occur?
In the mitochondria
67
The citric acid cycle is also known as:
Krebs Cycle TCA cycle -Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
68
Electrons are initially passed to ____ and ____ before passing to _____.
NAD+, FAD O2
69
Where does the electron transport chain occur?
In the inner membrane of the mitochondria (matrix)
70
What is stage 3 of catabolism?
Mitochondria
71
Acetyl-CoA is oxidized in the:
Citric Acid Cycle
72
Energy from the Exergonic oxidations is used to generate most of the cells ATP in a process known as:
Oxidative Phosphorylation
73
What is phosphorylation?
The addition of a phosphoryl (phosphate) group to a compound
74
The addition of a phosphoryl (phosphate) group to a compound is known as:
Phosphorylation
75
Once carbon has been completely oxidized it is expelled as:
CO2

Exercise Metabolism (12 decks)

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