Reading

Question 1

What are some differences betweeen reading vs spoken language.

Answer 1

• Each word is separate
• No problem with articulation or speaker variability
• Less memory load
• Punctuation marks aid interpretation
• No “speed reading” cues to aid perception
• No acoustic prosodic cues

Question 2

What are some research approaches on reading?

Answer 2

Lexical decision task
Deciding whether a string of letters form a word?

Naming task
Saying a printed word out as loud as possible.

Eye movement tracking
Measures attention to words

Priming
Prime word shortly before target word. Prime related in orthography, meaning or sound.

Event-related potentials

Question 3

What are some reading processes?

Answer 3

• Orthography
• Phonology
• Semantics
• Syntax
• High-level discourse integration

Question 4

What is Phonology, and how many are in English?

Answer 4

The sound system of a language. There are generally described to be 45 in English.

Question 5

What are some phoentic features which characterize individual phonemes?

Answer 5

• Voicing
• Placing
• Manner

Question 6

What are phonlogical processes, phonological awareness and phonics?

Answer 6

Phonological process
Storing,retrieving and using phonological codes in memory, phonological awareness and speech production

Phonological awareness
The explicit understanding of a word’s sound structure

Phonics
Letter-sound knowledge

Question 7

Describe the weak phonological model.

Answer 7

Phonological processing of visual words is fairly slow and inessential for word identification

Question 8

Describe the strong phonological model, and what are some predictions on it,

Answer 8

A phonological representation is a necessary product of processing printed words, even though the explicit pronounciation is not required.

• Phonological coding will occur even when it hampers performance
• Some phonological coding occurs rapidly when a word is presented visually.

Question 9

What is one method in which phonology influencing reading has been investigated.

Answer 9

Van Ordern(1987)
Participants were told to read category names, and then look at fixation point.
Target word shown at fixation point.
Participants answered whether or not target word belonged to category

Produced more errors when homophones of words that belonged to the catergories appeared.
Shows that phonological processing was occuring.

Question 10

What are phonological neighbours?

Answer 10

Neightbours differ in only one phoneme
Yates et al. (2008) found that words within sentences with many neighbours have shorter fixation times.
But when neighbours sound very similar, reading is slower.

Question 11

What is phonological priming?

Answer 11

When a word is immediately preceded by a phonologically identical non-word prime.
The prime is presented very briefly and not consciously perceived.
In the control condition, the non-word prime is less similar phonologically,

Rastle & Brysbaert(2006) showed that words are processed faster when preceded by non-word primes that are phonologically identical than when primes are similar in spelling but not phonology.
This suggests that phonological priming occurs rapidly and automatically.

Question 12

Who was Patient PS and why were they significant

Answer 12

Had a stroke, understood meanings of words but could not pronounce them correctly.
Did not seem to access internal phonological representation of words.