Reading 3 Flashcards
What does the dual-route cascade model propose,.
Two main routes that start with orthographic analysis.
Different processes when we read words vs non words
Non-words are read using only route 1, whereas all routes can be used to read words.
Descirbe the different routes of the dual-route cascade mode.
Route 1 is non levical(dont need to remember the word)
Grapheme-phoneme conversion
Allows accurate reading and pronounciation of regular words and non-words
Route 2 and 3 are lexical
Route 2 is lexicon plus semanic meaning
Route 3 is lexicon only.
What did Coltheart et al do for DRC model?
Built a computational model based on the DRC model.
Cascade model - meaning that activation at one level is passed on before processing is complete
The computational model reads 99% of one-syllable nonwords correctly.
How does the DRC model explain differenty types of dyslexia?
Surface dyslexia
Relies on route one. Can read regular and nonwords via grapheme-phoneme mapping.
Phonological dyslexia
Very poor reading of nonwords and cannot read new or unfamiliar words.(route 1 problem)
However, cannot explain deep dyslexia
What are some criticisms of DRC model.
Consistent words have letter groupings that are always said the same.
Inconsistent words have letter groupings that are said different way in different words
Consistency matters - faster at reading consistent words.
Doesn ot adequately account for individual differences
Assumes phonological processing of visual words is slow
Assume people read aloud without accessing meaning
Applies to english only,
What is the connectionist triangle model?
Semantics, Orthography, Phonology
All information used to read both words and non-words
Two pathways
-Direct orthography to phonology
-Indirect pathway through word meaning
Similar to DRC,, but very interactive. All occuring in one system.
How did Plaut et al.(1996) investigate the connectionist triangle model.
Trained a model to read like an adult.
- Inconsistent words took longer to name
- Infrequent words slower to read than common words
- Greater effect of word frequency for inconsistent words.
- Pronounced over 90% of non-words correctly
What are some strengths and weaknesses of the connectionist triangle?
Strengths
Evidence supports notion that the systems are used in parallel
Greater emphasis on involvement of semantics in reading aloud
Includes an explicit learning mechanism.
Limitations
- Focus on monosyllabic words
- Does not exlpain all dyslexia
- Nature of semantic processing not fully explained.
What do our eyes do during reading?
Ballistic(cannot change direction)
Take 20-30ms to complete
Roughly eight letters in spance
Fixtations lasting 200-250ms
What is the E-Z Reader Model
Tries to explain eye movements during reading tasks
People can attend to two words in one fixation
Assumes next eye movement programmed after partial processing of currently fixated word
- Check familiarity of the word currently fixating
- Completion of frequency checking is the signal to initiate an eye-movement programe
- Engages in 2nd stage of lexical accsss
What are some of the limitations of the E-Z Model
- Common, predictable short words tend to be skipped
- Englishs specific strategies
- Does account for many reading phenomena
