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407 > Reading 2: 83-99 > Flashcards

Reading 2: 83-99 Flashcards

1
Q

What is experiment 2-1?

A

ECG and peripheral circulation

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2
Q

What do you do in the ECG n peripheral circulation exp?

A

Record single lead ECG and pulse wave in finger simultaneously

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3
Q

What is the purpose of exp 2-1

A
  • Measure and correlate the ECG and the pulse in a resting individual
  • Demonstrate time delay that occurs btwn electrical events in heart and mechanical events in circulatory system
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4
Q

What is the device used to measure pulses of blood?

A

PT-104 plethysmograph

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5
Q

What are the steps in the Exp 2-1: the ECG and peripheral circulation?

A
  1. Set up ECG Cable and Pulse Transducer into iWorx
  2. Remove all jewelry on subject’s wrists, ankles or clavicle
  3. Clean area with no hair on wrists and ankles or clavicle and abdomen with alcohol
  4. Attach red lead to left wrist/clavicle. Attach black lead to right wrist/clavicle. Attach green lead to right leg/abdomen
  5. Place plethysmograph on volar surface (fingerprints) of distal segment of middle finger/thumb. Wrap velcro around end of finger to attach unit.
  6. Subject needs to sit quietly with hands in lap
  7. Turn on IXTA
  8. Open Labscribe -> click Settings -> Human Heart -> ECG-Circulation
  9. RECORD
  10. AUTOSCALE
  11. Type in subjects name Resting ECG/Pulse in MARK box
  12. STOP
  13. Save file as Grp#DayTimeLab2Ex1
  14. Find section of data with 10 exemplary ECG/pulse cycles in succession
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6
Q

What is the beat period and how to find it? Units?

A
  • time interval btwn 2 adjacent R waves
  • place one cursor on peak of one R wave and 2nd cursor on peak of adjacent R wave. Value for T2-T1 on ECG channel is the beat period
  • units: seconds/beat
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7
Q

What is the R-R interval and how to find it?

A
  • Time interval btwn peak of R wave and peak of pulse wave that follows the R wave.
  • one cursor on peak of R wave n second cursor on peak of pulse wave to its right. Value of T2-T1 is this interval
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8
Q

What is the eqn to calculate HR using the beat period?

A

HR (bpm) = (60 seconds/minute) / (# seconds/beat)

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9
Q

What is exp 2-2?

A

Exercise, ECG, and peripheral circulation

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10
Q

The arterial system fxns as a ____ resevoir

A

pressure

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11
Q

What does signals from the autonomic NS do

A

Control tone of smooth muscle sphincters around arterioles… thus controlling distribution of blood flow to various organs

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12
Q

How is the distribution of BF influenced by local conditions

A

e.g. if cells require arterial blood, due to decline in pH or O2 lvls or inc CO2, smooth muscle sphincters open to let BF into those capillary beds

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13
Q

How does BF change w/exercise compared to rest

A
  • flow to gut dec w/exercise
  • flow to working skeletal muscles inc w/exercise
  • inc CO -> inc amount of BF around circulatory system by several fold
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14
Q

What is the purpose of Exp 2: The ECG and Pulse After Leg exercises?

A

To measure n correlate ECG and pulse immediately after exercise using leg muscles

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15
Q

Steps of Exp 2?

A
  1. Same setup as in Exercise
  2. SETTINGS -> HUMAN HEART -> EXERCISE-ECG-CIRCULATION
  3. Disconnect snap leads n pulse plethysmograph from subject
  4. Subject exercise ~3 min at 70%max (150bpm) thru biking or treadmill or rowing
  5. After 3 mins have subject relax next to recording equipment
  6. Reconnect cables/leads n pulse plethysmograph
  7. RECORD -> AUTOSCALE ALL -> type ECG/Pulse-recovery into mark box
  8. Record for 2 mins, marking every 30 mins
  9. Stop and save
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16
Q

How to measure R wave amplitude

A
  • one cursor on Q wave that precedes R wave and 2nd cursor on peak of R wave. Value for V2-V1 on ECG channel is amplitude
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17
Q

How to measure P-R interval

A
  • one cursor on p wave 2nd cursor on beginning of QRS complex . Value for T2-T1 on ECG channel is P-R interval
18
Q

How to measure Q-T interval

A

one cursor at beginning of QRS complex and 2nd at end of T wave. Value for T2-T1 on ECG channel is Q-T interval

19
Q

How to measure T-P interval

A

One cursor at end of T wave n 2nd at beginning of P wave. Value of T2-T1 on ECG is T-P interval

20
Q

What is and how to measure R-Pulse interval

A
  • time interval btwn peak of R wave and peak of pulse wave that follows R wave
  • one cursor on peak of R wave and 2nd on peak of pulse to its right. Value for T2-T1 on any channel is this interval
21
Q

How to measure pulse wave amplitude

A

one cursor on baseline that precedes the pulse wave n 2nd cursor on peak of pulse wave. Value for V1-V2 on pulse channel is amplitude.

22
Q

How does ability of stress influence risk of coronary heart disease

A

People who r unable to cope w/stressful events run 7x higher risk to suffer from CHD

23
Q

How do those who can’t handle stress act during stressful situations

A

impatient, aggressive, dissatisfied, irritable

24
Q

What is HRV (heart rate variability) and used for?

A

analysis of variability of R-R interval in ECG indicates imbalance btwn sympathetic n vagal influences on heart
- comparison of sympathetic and vagal activity used as measure of stress

25
Q

How can HRV be studied

A
  1. mathematical modeling of HR regulatory systems
  2. Non linear methods for determining indices for regulatory fxns
  3. time domain methods to determine deviation of successive N-N (normal R-R) intervals
  4. Spectral domain methods to determine the power spectral density of definitive frequency components of the ECG
26
Q

What is ULP

A

Power density # for ultra low frequency range (<0.003 Hz), and its prognosis of sudden cardiac death taken from 24 hr ECG recording highly accurate

27
Q

what is VLP

A

Power density # for very low frequency range (0.003-0.04 Hz), and thought to be connected to thermoregulation, the renin-angiotensin system, and changes in PA

28
Q

what is LP

A

Power density # for low frequency range (<0.04-0.15 Hz) that is generated mainly by sympathetic activity.
- Baroreceptor (pressure) modulation major component of LP power

29
Q

what is HP

A

Power density # for high frequency range (0.15-0.40 Hz), and is derived from VAGAL activity which is modulated by RESPIRATION

30
Q

What does LP and HP mainly represent respectively and their ratio mean

A

LP = sympathetic activity; HP = vagal activity. Their ratio (HRV ratio) good indicator of sympathetic-vagal balance
- ratio used to assess balance of ANS in various diseases

31
Q

How does LP and HP change w/stress

A

Stress accompanied w/inc power spectral density (PSD) of LP (sympathetic) and dec PSD of HP (vagal activity)

32
Q

What does a HRV ratio of 0.83 indicated

A

Vagal activity has greater influence on HR than symapthetic system

33
Q

What is the usual HRV of young people

A

high as 1.5

34
Q

What is happening in HRV exp

A
  • PSA of HRV of subject determined from their ECG
  • mathematical transformation of ECG to yield its power spectrum n analysis of spectrum determine density of defined frequency ranges in spectrum
  • 1st step in analysis is to express successive R-R intervals as fxn of time/heartbeat #
  • 2nd step convert result of 1st step (tachogram) to HRV power spectrum using Fast Fourier
  • 3rd step determine PSD of certain frequency ranges in HRV power spectrum
35
Q

What does the magnitude of the PSD in certain frequency indicate

A

Relative amt of activity in specific parts of ANS and lvl of stress in subject

36
Q

HRV ratio of 6.9 indicates

A

sympathetic activity has greater influence on HR than vagal activity

37
Q

Systolic and diastolic for high BP?

A

Systolic >139, diastolic >89

38
Q

LP and HP of person with hypertension

A

Higher LP and lower HP value than non hypertensive persons

39
Q

What is a frequent complication of diabetes and what can it result

A

neuropathy can result in fxnal autonomic denervation causing patients to develop fast, fixed HR. causes diabetics to have lower RR variance and smaller R-R interval. power spectrum look NORMAL at REST but DIMINISHED INC IN LP AND DIMINISHED DEC IN HP when STANDING/TITLED

40
Q

What does smoking act synergistically with

A
  • hypertension, oral contraceptives to inc risk of heart attack
41
Q

LP and HP values of smokers?

A

Higher LP and lower HP values than non smokers; HRV ratios greater than 1.5

42
Q

Steps in exp 3

A
  • recording subjects resting ECG for 10 minute period

407 (26 decks)

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