Reading 1: Intro 3-18 Flashcards
Name the 6 General Lab outcomes
- Calibrate and operate scientific equipment by following detailed lab manual
- Obtain informed consent from subject prior to exp
- Conduct physiology exp while recording experimental observation in notebook. Identify potential sources of error in scientific exp
4.
Characteristics of a Good Lab Course
- Lab environment should be perceived as attractive by students
Purpose of BPK 407 Project
Gain experience conducting human physiology exp
What week do u submit project proposal that briefly outlines purpose of project
Week 8
What week to present exp and findings to other student
Week 13
How is the project report structured
Scientific journal article, 4-6 pages length, Times new roman 12 point font
What is the purpose of the abstract (200-250 words)
Provide short summary of article so reader can determine if should read entire article
Purpose of intro (2-3 paragraphs)
”- Provide reader w/info regrading WHAT physiologic question being answered, WHY important to answer”
- Summarize theoretical background to the question
- Explain why problem interesting
- Summarize project n explain HOW it answers question
- State hypothesis
- Explain how hypothesis verify/support physiologic concept in question
Purpose of procedure (2-4 paragraphs)
”- Describe exactly how exp conducted”
- Sufficient detail so as to replicate exp
- Describe subjects used
- List make n model of equipment
- Describe detailed procedures followed
What is the purpose of results (2-4 paragraphs, tables, point form can be used)
- Present results from exp
- Use tables where appropriate
- Use graphs where appropriate
- Inc statistical analysis performed
- Explain significance of results
- Explain if hypothesis supported by results
What is purpose of discussion (2-3 paragraphs)
“-Compare results to other similar studies, n to recommend further research that’ll help u answer proposed q”
- Discuss whether u obtained results u expected
- Explain unexpected results
- Is further research required to support hypothesis?
Purpose of conclusion (1 paragraph)
- Summarize exp, briefly describe how results helped solve research q proposed
References (min 5 max 10)
- Use APA style for all references and in-text citations
Purpose of 407 project PRESENTATION (20-25 min)
Gain experience presenting research findings to audience
What is the presentation graded on
Quality n effectiveness
How much is presentation worth
10% grade
What is the structure of the project proposal submitted in week 8
- Clear n concise, summarizes hypothesis n methods used
- 3-6 double spaced pages in length
How many labs and lab reports performed in course
8 labs 8 reports
In ur lab report, what are the 9 different headings required?
- Raw data and observations made during lab
- Title and date (this begins formal report)
- Procedures
- Results
- Discussion
- Sources of error
- Questions
- Citations
- References
What is the late penalty? When is the last day reports will be accepted?
5% a day, no longer accepted after one week
What kind of abbreviations are accepted?
- SI units like kg for kilogram
2. If defined first e.g. electrocardiograph (ECG)
Past tense or present tense
Past
Is the word “significant” acceptable? If not, what instead?
No, use “dramatic” or “substantial”
What happens when u miss a lab session where there’s a required lab report
u get 0 for that lap report
What do tables need to have
- Title
- Headings for each column
- Units
What do graphs need to have
- Title
- Labelled axes
- Units
- Error bars
What indicates the accuracy of a measurement
of significant digits
8V implies how many significant digits and what is the actual output
- 1 significant digit
- output btwn 7.5-8.5V
With sums and differences, how is the number of decimal places determined?
The # w/the least number of digits following the decimal point determines it
2997 + 104.6 + 0.135 = 3101.735… how many decimal places roundoff
3101.735 -> 3101
With products and quotients how much significant digits in result?
- Equal that in the component measurements with least # of significant digits e.g. 6 mm / 25 mm/s = 0.24 -> round to 0.2s or 2x10^-1 ms
What are errors in this context
Degree of uncertainty associated w/all experimental measurements.
What do random errors cause
The result to spread in both directions/cluster about the true value
What do systemic errors cause?
Causes measured values to be consistently greater than or lower than true value. Also causes variability in measured value
What are random errors caused by
- Variation in quantity being measured e.g. calf girth changes w/posture
- Variation in measurement location
Example of how systemic errors made
Meter stick might be divided into 100 equal divisions but 101 ong so length of objects measured w/stick consistently overestimated by 1%
What are paradox errors
Occurs when position of needle on scale is read incorrectly e.g. from one side, resulting in systemic error
e.g. needle at 5cm read straight on correctly vs. needle read from side resulting in read as 4cm
Is it appropriate to add two or more independent errors? Why or why not?
No, causes overestimation of error cause addition presumes 2 errors will b maximal and in same direction simultaneously
What is the combined error formula (for 2 or more independent errors in single measurement)?
E = square root (E1^2 + E2^2 + … En^2)
What is the result of the combined error? Less or more than sum?
Greater than separate errors but less than their sum
How are dependent errors different from independent?
When error from one source affects error from another source, errors are dependent
Eqn to combine errors in calculations (sum and differences) when using values obtained from other measurements to derive other values
ΔX = square root ( (ΔA)^2 + (ΔB)^2+ (ΔC)^2 + (ΔD)^2 )
- A and B are values obtained by measurement
- X is derived value
- DA and DB and DX are actual errors associated with A, B, and X respectively
Calculate error for calorimeter if A= 20 degrees, B=24 degrees, DA= 0.2, DB= 0.2,
X = B - A
X = 24-20 = 4 ΔX = sqrt ( ΔA^2 + ΔB^2) ΔX = sqrt (0.2^2 + 0.2^2)
For errors involving products and ratios combining calculations, what is the eqn
ΔX / X = sqrt ( [ΔA/A]^2 + [ΔB/B]^2
What is DX if A= 100m B = 5s ΔA = 1m ΔB = 0.2s X = 100m / 5s = 20 m/s
ΔX/X = sqrt ( (ΔA/A)^2 + (ΔB/B)^2 )
ΔX/ 20m/s = sqrt (1m/s / 100m/s)^2 + (0.2s/5s)^2
ΔX = 0.8 m/s
Velocity is 20m/s +/- 0.8 m/s
How many sig figs are errors presented to?
1 sig fig
Equation for powers e.g. if X (derived value) = A^n where A is obtained from measurement
ΔX = Xn(ΔA/A)
What is biometrics
Branch of science that includes measurement of physiological variables n parameters
