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407 > Pulmonary Function Background > Flashcards

Pulmonary Function Background Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration

A

Process by which body obtains and utilizes O2, and produces and eliminates CO2

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2
Q

What are the 5 parts of respiration

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. Pulmonary gas exchange
  3. Gas transport
  4. Tissue/blood exchange
  5. Cellular respiration
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3
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of gases btwn lungs and environment

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4
Q

What is pulmonary gas exchange

A

movement of gases btwn lungs and bloodstream

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5
Q

What is gas transport

A

movement of gases w/in bloodstream

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6
Q

What is tissue/blood exchange

A

movement of gases btwn bloodstream and tissues

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7
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

consumption of oxygen and production of CO2

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8
Q

What are factors that influence diffusion

A
  1. SA
  2. diffusion distance
  3. Conc gradient
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9
Q

Total area of alveoli is size of

A

tennis court

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10
Q

How is high conc gradient ensured

A
  1. movement of blood with low O2 and high CO2 lvls to lungs

2. pulmonary ventilation (breathing), which maintains high lvl of O2 and low lvl of CO2 in alveolar air

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11
Q

How is ventilation of human lung produced

A

Muscular contractions

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12
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Amt of air moving into and out of the lungs in one breathing cycle

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13
Q

What is vital capacity

A

Maximal amt of air that can be moved thru the lungs

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14
Q

Diff btwn tidal volume and vital capacity

A

Reserve volumes

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15
Q

How to alter (inc) the amt of air moving into and out of lungs

A
  1. Inc depth of breathing

2. Inc rate of breathing

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16
Q

What controls both the depth and rate of breathing

A

Respiratory control center located in medulla

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17
Q

Dry air contains what 4 gases and their conc?

A
  1. Nitrogen - 78.04%
  2. Oxygen - 20.98%
  3. Trace gases - 1.00%
  4. CO2 - 0.03%
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18
Q

What is the O2 gas fraction?

A

0.2093

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19
Q

Which gases are physiologically inert and which are active gases

A
  1. physiologically inert: nitrogen and trace gases

2. physiologically active: O2 and CO2

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20
Q

Why are compressed gases dried b4 placed in cylinder

A

Prevent rust

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21
Q

When are wet gases dried

A

B4 being sampled in gas analyzer

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22
Q

What are the proper SI units for gas pressure

A
  1. Pascals ( 1 Pa = 1 N x m^2)

2. kilopascasls (kPa)

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23
Q

What units is gas pressure often expressed as

A

mmHg

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24
Q

How is gas pressure measured using U tube?

A
  1. U tube with mercury connected at one end to gas, gas would “push down” on mercury, causing it to go down one arm of the U-tube and rise up the other arm of U-tube
  2. Once mercury stops moving, gas pressure equal to diff in height (mm) btwn mercury lvls in two arms of U-tube
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25
Q

Why is impractical to express gas pressure in cm H2O for atmospheric pressure

A

density of water so much lower (13x) than mercury, need very long U-tube

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26
Q

Atmospheric pressure/barometric pressure _____ with proximity to earth’s centre

A

increases

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27
Q

What is ~barometric pressure at Sea level vs. SFU vs. mount everest

A

760 vs. 720 vs. 250

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28
Q

What is barometric pressure

A

sum of the each gas in the atmosphere exerting their individual pressure

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29
Q

What is the partial pressure of a gas

A

Product of barometric pressure and gas fraction

30
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen, nitrogen, and CO2 at SFU?

A
  1. PN2 = 730 mmHg x 0.7904 = 577 mmHg
  2. PCO2 = 730 mmHg x 0.0003 = 0.2 mmHg
  3. PO2 = 730 mmHg x 0.2093 = 152 mmHg
31
Q

The volume occupied by a given # of gas molecules varies inversely with _____ and directly with _____

A

PRESSURE (Boyle’s Law) and directly with TEMPERATURE (Charle’s Law)

32
Q

What is the ambient temperature and pressure saturated (ATPS)

A

Conditions of temp and pressure at time respiratory gas volume is measured

33
Q

What are the 2 reference conditions of temp and pressure

A
  1. STPD: Standard temp and pressure dry

2. BTPS: Body temperature and Pressure Standard

34
Q

What is relative humidity

A

Amt of water vapour in given volume of air relative to the maximal amt of water vapour which could be in that volume of air before its saturated, multiplied by 100%

35
Q

What is the standard temp and standard pressure

A

0 degree C and 760 mmHg

36
Q

One mole of ideal gas at STPD contains _____ molecules and occupies ____ Litres

A

6.02 x 10^23 molecules and occupies 22.4 Litres

37
Q

When do corrections of gas volumes from ATPS to STPD occur

A

Are made whenever we need to know the AMT OR # OF GAS MOLECULES e.g. when calculating amt of O2 consumed and amt of CO2 produced

38
Q

What is the formula for STPD factor

A

( PB - VP )/760 x 273(273+T)

where PB = ambient barometric pressure (mmHg)
T = ambient temp (degree C)
VP = partial pressure of water vapour (mmHg)

39
Q

What does VP (partial pressure of water vapour) depend on

A

RH, temp, and pressure

40
Q

Calculate VE (STPD) if VE (ATPS) was 30 L, PB was 740 mmHg, T was 20 degree C, VP was 17.5 mmHg

A

VE (STPD) = VE (ATPS) x (PB-VP)/760 x 273/(273+T)
VE (STPD) = 30 L x (740-17.5)760 x 273/(273+20)
VE (STPD) = 26.6L

41
Q

When do corrections of gas volumes from ATPS to BTPS occur

A

Are made when we’re interested in knowing the VOLUME OF GAS that’s ventilated by lungs and not the # of gas molecules present

42
Q

What is BTPS

A

refers to original intrapulmonary volume the exhaled gas would occupy at ambient barometric pressure, saturated w/water vapour at body temp

43
Q

Equation of BTPS factor?

A

(PB-VP)/(PB-47) x (273+37)/(273+T)

where PB = ambient barometric pressure (mmHg)
T = ambient temp (degree C)
VP = ambient partial pressure of water vapour (mmHg)
47 = constant partial pressure of water vapour in the lung (mmHg)

44
Q

Calculate VE (BTPS) if VE (ATPS) was 30 L, PB was 730 mmHg, T was 23 degree C, VP was 21.1 mmHg

A

VE (BTPS) = VE (ATPS) x (PB-VP)/(PB-47) x (273+37)/(273+T)
VE (BTPS) = 30 x (730-21.1)/(730-47) x (310)/(273+23)
VE (BTPS) = 32.7 Litres

45
Q

At SFU, the STPD correction factor and BTPS correction factor will almost always be in what ranges

A

STPD: 0.85-0.90
BTPS: 1.05-1.10

46
Q

2 types of spirometers

A
  1. water-seal spirometer

2. dry rolling-seal spirometer

47
Q

Compare water-seal spirometer vs. dry rolling-seal spirometer

A
  1. water-seal spirometer: large bell suspended in water. Volume of air in bell recorded on motor-driven drum and flow rates obtained from measurements of slope of the volume change. CLOSED CIRCUIT SPIROMETRY SYTEM. Accumulation of CO2 prevented by passage of exhaled gas thru baralime pellets
  2. dry rolling seal: piston in a cylinder. has potentiometer thats activated by movement of piston to provide electrical output for volume and flow. potentiometer is transducer that changes mechanical motion into electrical signal. electrical output from potentiometer sent thru interface/A-D converter into computer.
48
Q

Describe pneumotachographs

A

consists of resistance e.g. fine-mesh screen, and differential pressure transducer to detect PRESSURE DROP across resistance occurring during gas flow. signal from pressure transducer can be electronically integrated for given interval to derive volume measurement. electrical output produced interfaced to computers

49
Q

The iWork flowhead example of what

A

Pneumotachograph

50
Q

2 types of plethysmograph

A
  1. whole body plethysmograph

2. impedance plethysmograph

51
Q

Compare whole body and impedance plethysmograph

A
  1. whole body plethysmograph: airtight sealed box subject enclosed and breathes via mouthpiece. Changes in thoracic volume recorded from the changes in pressure or volume in box. Obtains alveolar pressure in studies of airway resistance and compliance
  2. Impedance plethysmograph: Makes use of changes in transthoracic electrical impedance to provide measure of changes in lung volume
52
Q

Describe volume turbines

A

Inspired and or expired air passed thru turbine. The more air that passes, the greater spinning rate of propeller. # of propeller rotations summed and value proportional to volume of air passed by propeller. Measures volume and flow rates in Spirolab II pulmonary fxn testing device

53
Q

Define minute ventilation (VE)

A

volume of gas exchanged per min at rest or during any stated activity.
- it’s tidal volume x # of respirations per min

54
Q

Define tidal volume (VT)

A

volume of air either inspired or expired w/each breath at rest or during any stated activity

55
Q

Define vital capacity (VC)

A

greatest volume of gas that can be expelled by voluntary effort after maximal inspiration
- subject should expire moderate rate not forcefully

56
Q

Define inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

maximal volume that can be inspired from resting end-expiratory position

57
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

maximal volume that can be exhaled from resting end-expiratory position

58
Q

Define functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

Volume of gas remaining in lungs at end of quiet exhalation, composed of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume

59
Q

What is residual volume (RV)

A

volume of gas remaining in lungs after maximal expiration

60
Q

What is total lung capacity (TLC)

A

volume of gas in lungs at time of maximal inspiration; it is composed of sum of vital capacity (inspiratory capacity + expiratory reserve volume) and the residual volume

61
Q

What is residual volume - total lung capacity ratio (RV/TLC x 100)

A

expresses the % of total lung capacity occupied by residual volume
- as a fraction of TLC, RV inc from approx 25% at age of 20 yrs to 40% at age 70

62
Q

What is maximum breathing capacity (MBC)

A

max volume of respired gas which may be breathed during max effort
- estimated from a 12 s period of hyperventilation at rest and expressed as a volume per min by multiplying the 12 s value by 5

63
Q

What is forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

after max inspiration, subject expires maximally as hard and as fast as possible

64
Q

What is forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1)

A

volume of air expired during first 1 sec of forced vital capacity maneuver

65
Q

What is maximal mid-expiratory flow rate (MMFR)

A

maximal flow rate of air achieved over the middle 50% of forced vital capacity maneuver.

66
Q

Chronic pulmonary dysfxn can be divided into what 2 categories

A
  1. obstructive disorder

2. restrictive disorder

67
Q

what is obstructive disorder

A
  • BLOCKAGE or NARROWING of airways causing INC AIRWAY RESISTANCE
  • bronchiolar obstruction can result from inflammation and edema
  • asthma, bronchitis are obstructive disorders
  • MMFR and FEV1 are dec, and FEV1/FVC ratio less than 70%
  • air trapping inc FRC, RV, and TLC
68
Q

What is restrictive disorder

A
  • airways ok but damage to LUNG TISSUE resulting in DEC ELASTICITY and DEC COMPLIANCE = hard to expand lung
  • pulmonary fibrosis and pneumonia are restrictive disorders
  • a lung volumes reduced (slow VC, FVC, RV, FRC, TLC) cause lung tissue stiff and can’t expand
  • MBC, peak expiratory flow rate, FEV1, MMFR are reduced
  • FEV1/FVC ratio higher than 90%
69
Q

is max mid-expiratory flow rate reduced more in obstructive or restrictive disorder

A

obstructive

70
Q

Example of how patient can have both restrictive and obstructive disorder

A

Coal miner who smoked 1 pack of cigs per day for 20 days (obstructive from smoking and restrictive from exposure to dust in coal mine)

407 (26 decks)

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