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Psychological Dynamics of Sport > Readiness for Competition & Early Specialisation > Flashcards

Readiness for Competition & Early Specialisation Flashcards

1
Q

Prerequisites for readiness for competition - source

A

Passer and Wilson, 2002

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2
Q

Passer & Wilson, 2002 - Prerequisites for readiness for competition

A

Motivational readiness

Cognitive readiness

Physical readiness

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3
Q

Motivational Readiness

A

Occurs when:

  • Actively seeks opportunities for social comparison
  • Evaluated ability relative to peers
  • Benefits from competition

Development of self-evaluation

  • Self-referenced (0-2.5yrs)
  • Compete for opportunity (2.5-4yrs)
  • Social comparison (4-6yrs)
  • Active competition (6-9yrs)
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4
Q

Cognitive readiness

A

Young children

  • Less focus for long periods
  • Less able to recall info
  • Less able to successfully rationalise success and failure
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5
Q

Physical readiness

A

Physical competence

  • Fundamental motor skills not mature until 8-9yrs
  • Children same age can vary

Less physically able athletes:

  • Less success, playing time, enjoyment
  • Given minor roles
  • Greater anxiety
  • Minimise effort
  • Increased illness/injury
  • More likely to drop out
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6
Q

When do children seek out competition - sources

A

Running race study - Pascuzzi, 1981

Paired artwork task - Butler, 1996

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7
Q

Pascuzzi, 1981 - Running race study

A

Placing impacted boys not girls in pre-school

By 2nd grade, placing impacted:

  • Post-race affect
  • Perceptions of ability
  • Future expectations
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8
Q

Butler, 1996 - Paired artwork task

A

Younger children glance to ‘get ideas’

Older children give competitive reason for glancing

Children in urban schools & ego-involved climates more likely to compete

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9
Q

Consequences of early competition - source

A

Memory Game - 3-5 year olds - Dorzella et al., 2000

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10
Q

Dorzella et al., 2000 - Memory Game (3-5 years old)

A

When losing, experienced:

  • Increased tension, impulsivity, anger & sadness
  • Less enjoyment
  • Elevated cortisol
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11
Q

Development of role perspective - source

A

Coakley, 1986

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12
Q

Coakley, 1986 - Development of role perspective

A

Egocentric prior to 6 yrs

Understanding of other views (6-8yrs)

Accept others views (8-10yrs)

True group perspective (10-12yrs)

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13
Q

Parental Readiness - source

A

Smoll & Cumming, 2006

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14
Q

Smoll & Cumming, 2006 - Parental Readiness

A

Respect child’s right to compete or not

Allow child to sample sports

Avoid reverse dependency

Share child with coach

Avoid being over-protective

Accept disappointment

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15
Q

Bio-banding - source

A

Cumming et al., 2017

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16
Q

Cumming et al., 2017 - Bio-banding - Definition

A

Players grouped relative to maturational status

Optimise and diversify learning opportunities and challenges

17
Q

Cumming et al., 2017 - Bio-banding - Soccer study

A

Early developers experience more challenge - rely on technical abilities

Late developers experience more success and opportunity to adopt leadership positions

18
Q

Definition of specialisation

A

Aim is athletic excellence

Early involvement in sport

Limit to single sport

Deliberate practice over play

19
Q

Driving factors for specialisation - source

A

Baker, 2003

20
Q

Baker, 2003 - Driving factors for specialisation

A

Societal emphasis

Professionalisation and commercialisation

Biologically determined time to perform at top level is limited

Expansion and intensification of training practices and strategies

21
Q

Support for specialisation

A

‘10 year rule’ for elite performance supported in chess, maths, music, tennis, swimming, running - Ericsson et al., 1993

Emphasis on deliberate practice enhances skill acquisition in Olympic gymnasts - Law et al., 2007

22
Q

Evidence against specialisation

A

Elite Nordic skiers spent more time skiing, but not Nordic skiing (Ronbeck et al., 2004)

Russian swimmers specialising succeed earlier also quit earlier (Baryina et al., 2004)

Elite Danish athletes specialise later and trained less as youth (Moesch et al., 2011)

Elite ice hockey players spent more time playing than practicing as youth (Soberlak & Cote, 2003)

23
Q

German Olympic Development Study

A

Guellich et al., 2006

Early success and training frequency did not predict success at 15-22+ years

Successful athletes:

  • Did not specialise
  • Received success in main sport at later age
  • Sampled multiple sports
  • Did not train more
24
Q

Potential risks of specialisation - source

A

Malina, 2010

Baker et al., 2009

25
Q

Malina, 2010 - Potential risks of specialisation

A

Social isolation

Overdependence

Burnout

Manipulation

Overuse injuries

Possible compromised growth and maturation

26
Q

Baker et al., 2009 - Potential risks of specialisation

A

Overuse injuries - one third of all injuries

Decreased enjoyment

Excessive pressure

Low self-efficacy

Compromised social development

Eating disorders

Psychological Dynamics of Sport (7 decks)

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