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Psychological Dynamics of Sport > Positive Approach to Youth Sports > Flashcards

Positive Approach to Youth Sports Flashcards

1
Q

Positive Development

A

Promotion of physical, intellectual and psychosocial development

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2
Q

What does child develop through positive development?

A
  • Competence
  • Character
  • Confidence
  • Connections
  • Contributes to society
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3
Q

Benefits of Sport - Source

A

Fraser-Thomas et al., 2005

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4
Q

Fraser-Thomas et al., 2005 - Physical benefits of sport

A
  • Enhanced motor skills, aerobic fitness, strength & flexibility
  • Healthier bones, muscles and joints
  • Lower obesity
  • Reduced risk of adult health conditions
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5
Q

Climates for positive development

A
  • Safety
  • Structure
  • Supportive relationships
  • Opportunities to belong
  • Support
  • Opportunities for skill building
  • Integration of family, school and community efforts
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6
Q

Fraser-Thomas et al., 2005 - Pyscho-behavioural benefits of sport

A
  • Improved learning, attention, academic performance, greater career success
  • Enhanced confidence, self-esteem, well-being, happiness, quality of life
  • Reduced stress, depression
  • Less smoking, drug use
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7
Q

Potential risk in youth sports - Source

A

Fraser-Thomas et al., 2005

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8
Q

Fraser-Thomas et al., 2005 - Potential risks in youth sports

A
  • Increased injury rates
  • Eating disorders in elite programs
  • Negative experiences result in low self-confidence, -esteem, stress and burnout

Increased:

  • aggression
  • violence
  • crime
  • entitlement
  • neglect to surroundings
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9
Q

What impacts positive development? - Source

A

Canire et al., 2011

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10
Q

Canire et al., 2011 - What impacts positive development?

A
  • Underlying philosophy of the program - aims and structure

- Attitudes and behaviours of key adult figures

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11
Q

Professional & Developmental Models of Youth Sports - Source

A

Cote et al., 2002

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12
Q

Cote et al., 2002 - Professional Model of Youth Sports

A
  • Goal is athletic excellence
  • Early entry and specialisation
  • Deliberate practice over play
  • Regular testing
  • Quality of experience over winning
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13
Q

Cote et al., 2002 - Impact of Professional Models

A

Athletes report:

  • Less enjoyment
  • Greater stress
  • Fear of failure
  • Burnout
  • Depression

Primary reasons for dropout:

  • Pressure to win
  • Lack of fun

Success at adult level highly unlikely.

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14
Q

Cote et al., 2002 - Developmental Model of Youth Sports

A

Aim:

  • Participation
  • Enjoyment
  • Positive development

Early sampling

Play over practice

Delayed specialisation

Striving to win

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15
Q

Adults in youth sports

A
  • Critical role in experiences, personal and physical development
  • Negative behaviours increased concern in youth sports
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16
Q

Positive Coaching - Source

A

Smith, Smoll & Curtis, 1978

17
Q

Smith, Smoll & Curtis, 1978 - Positive Coaching

A

Observed 51 coaches

Evaluated win-loss record

Supportive, instructive coaches:

  • More knowledgeable
  • Likeable
  • Better teachers

High support, low punishment needed to promote self-esteem.

Coaches unaware of how they actually behave.

18
Q

Smith, Smoll & Curtis, 1978 - Positive Approach to Coaching

A

Effort

Technical instructions

Encourage after mistakes

Encouragement selectively

Set clear expectations

Don’t punish mistakes

Don’t be hostile

Don’t nag

19
Q

Coach Effectiveness Training (CET) - Source

A

Smith, Smoll & Curtis, 1979

20
Q

Smith, Smoll & Curtis, 1979 - Coach Effectiveness Training

A

Coaches taught positive approach

Viewed as better teacher

Athletes liked coach, teammates and sport more

Increased self-esteem

21
Q

MAC - Source

A

Smith, Smoll & Curtis, 2007

22
Q

Smith, Smoll & Curtis, 2007 - MAC

A

CET updated in 2003 to include Achievement Goal Theory

2 recreational basketball programs in Seattle

MAC trained:

  • Increased mastery orientation
  • Decreased ego orientation
23
Q

Coaching climate and underserved youth - Source

A

Gould et al., 2012

24
Q

Gould et al., 2012 - Coaching climate and underserved youth

A

Impact of coaching on development in Detroit

Mastery climates predicted developmental gains in initiative, teamwork, social capital

Ego-climate does the reverse

25
Q

Competitive Engineering - Source

A

Burton et al., 2011

26
Q

Burton et al., 2011 - Competitive Engineering

A

Adapt sport structures, equipment, rules to promote positive development

Support programs aims and meet athletes’ developmental and motivational needs

  • Competence
  • Autonomy
  • Relatedness
27
Q

Competitive Engineering American Football Study - Source

A

Burton et al., 2012

28
Q

Burton et al., 2012 - Competitive Engineering American Football Study

A

Junior size football and delayed rush rule in 3rd/4th grade

Scoring increased by 123%

81% felt game was safer

Drop out fell from 39% to 17%

Enrolment increased by 14%

Psychological Dynamics of Sport (7 decks)

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