Reach and Grasp and Release Flashcards
What are two important movement/physical development milestones for a 4-month-old?
Holds head steady without support when you are holding him
Holds a toy when you put it in his hand
Uses his arm to swing at toys
Brings hands to mouth
Pushes up onto elbows/forearms when on tummy
What are two important movement/physical development milestones for a 6-month-old?
Rolls from tummy to back
Pushes up with straight arms when on tummy
Leans on hands to support herself when sitting
two systems are developing
Intrinsics heavily innervated with muscle spindle receptors which contribute to skill via:
coordinate forces - tactile and proprioceptive input
rapidly correcting for errors
providing stability for our digits.
we need stability in the hand inorder for the
fingers to move in refined motor movements.
What does this mean, why do we need it for fine motor skills?
Stable base for movement of the arm
Stable base for movement of the hand
without a stable base
Why do we need Normal postural reflex mechanism for fine motor skills
normal postural reflex keeps you upright so you don’t fall out of your seat. y
How does Normal head, trunk and visual control affect fine motor skills
you can’t control your head and vision you won’t be able to develop hand-eye coordination
How does Equal balance between flexors and extensors affect fine motor skills
if you have hightone and constantly flexed, you won’t be able to reach out for forks and self feed. Need an equal balance for controlled smooth movement.
How does Trunk stability affect fine motor skills
if I need my hands to hold myself up, I won’t be able to self feed
How does Trunk mobility (i.e. crossing body midline)
have to do with fine motor skills
I need to know midline in order to cross it and utilize volition to play
How does Pelvic mobility/stability impact fine motor skills
maintaining the sitting position and able to reach forward.
How does Stable base for movement of the arm and hand affect fine motor skills
proximal stability for distal mobility. need stability in arm and hand.
General term for actions involving reaching for and grasping of objects
Transport
Grasp
Object manipulation
Role of Vision in Prehension
Preparation and initiation of movement
Transport of hand to object
Grasp of object
What a kid sees right in front of them will help them
get that object to them with grasp, reaching out and manipulation
Manipulative Prehension
Develops from innate motivation to explore and manipulate the environment.
Depends on the development of reach and grasp/release
Volitional Patterns develop from
proximal to distal
What is the sequence that fine motor skills develop from
controlled reach
to controlled grasp
to controlled release
to controlled manipulation.
In preparation for reaching, functions can be either:
automatic : moving side to side, rolling
graded : movement that combine stability and function
How to we prepare babies for function
prone, works on shoulder stability to be able to function later.
shoulder stability - prepare through weight bearing
elbow mobility and control - reaching and against gravity
forearm rotation and control - grabbing things and pulling to the mouth
wrist control - weight bearing on hands.
Why is side lying good to work on reach and grasp
baby is able to see better. and your working gravity assisted
lying supine and reaching up is good for what
working against gravity and stabilizing shoulders.
at 4 weeks old what kind ofmovement?
primitive
at 7 weeks how is movement
still reflex driven but more visual attention and
at 12 weeks
less reflexes, better able to play without reflexes keeping us in a certain position
grasp and relesase have 4 guiding concepts
reflex activity - become integrated during weight bearing
Grasp and associated release begin
Grasp and release develop is largely with objects.
Early grasp
Early-on release is
categories of hand use
Constructive Activities:
Tool Use:
Action on a Surface
In-Hand Manipulation
Handwriting
Primitive reach
Asymmetry
Windmill fashion, every limb on it’s own.
Swiping: first primitive reach. Hitting something by accident. They will go into ATNR and it bring hand in field of vision
Transitional Reach
Skills:
Object held with both hands (3-4 months)
Two handed reach
Object transfer (5 months)
Strategies used:
Need to develop:
Should internal stability
Elbow Mobility/control
Forearm rotation/control
Wrist control
Mature Reach
Plays with 2 toys; bang together
Coordinated and complementary bimanual movement
Coordinated and asymmetrical movement (dominant/assist pattern)
mature reach
cross midline
use both hands
reaching
grasp and release
coordinated and bimanual movement.
Primary Grasp
Palmar Grasp
Ulnar Palmar Grasp
Radial Digital Grasp
Lateral Pinch
Superior Pinch
Inferior Pinch
primitive grasp
Primary Grasp: Reflex
Primary Release: Reflex driven
Swiping: ATNR
Transitional Grasp
Sensorimotor Strategies:
Weight bearing to prepare arm and hand
Righting reactions
Postural fixations -> Limit in hand and hand to hand manipulation
Visual regarding of hand/object
Palm used as a point of stability
postural fixation causes what
limits ability to reach and grasp but I need those to get the info into hands.
In transitional grasp phase
Scratching/raking
Ulnar palmar grasp
Reach and Pat
Palmar Grasp
Radial Palmar Grasp
Radial Digital Grasp
when can they pass object hand to hand
6 months old
Mature grasp
Sensorimotor Strategies:
Equilibrium and midline stability reactions provide stable base
Internal stability proximally
Stabilizes at wrist
Within hand manipulation allowed because of increased dissociation and use of pinch grips
Visual Orientation: Child adjusts position of the hand in relation to the object before grasping.
Lateral Pinch: holding a key
Inferior Pinch – fingers straight
Superior Pinch – just tips of fingers touching.
Manipulative Prehension – using fingers to play with a toy
In hand manipulation (Translation, shift, simple rotation and complex rotation
Release Sequence
Involuntary release
(birth to 4 months
Mouthing and transfers from hand (to 7 months)
“Drops” objects with full extension (first volitional release)
Release is with control with external support (9-11 months)
Refined release- no external support needed (12-15 months)
four things that we need for in hand manipulation
Must move independently from each other
Need force controlling grip and force to provide the lift of an object.
Change in grip force dependent on the texture of the object
Tactile input is necessary to update grip force so it can adjust to object as it is held and manipulated in the hand.
maturation changes in the hand
Grasp and release are only the beginning of action of an object - true hand skill involves manipulation.
Remember all the neurological connections- maturation, practice, repetition, learned function!
In hand manipulation
1. Translation: finger to palm
Object grasped by fingertips (pads) and moved into the palm, where it is released to rest on the palm.
Emerges around 18-21 mos.
In hand manipulation
2. Translation: palm to fingers
Object is moved from the palm of the hands to the fingers.
More difficult than fingers to palm.
Emerges around 24 mos.
In hand maniupation
3. Shift
The object is moved in linear direction across the fingers
Involves isolated control of the thumb in opposition
Emerges between 24-36 months
- SIMPLE ROTATION
Turning or rolling an object held with the pads of the finger—approximately 90 degree’s or less.
Fingers act as a unit with the thumb opposed.
Examples—unscrewing a small bottle cap ; picking up a small peg from a table surface; rotating a puzzle piece by turning it slightly to correctly orient it in space
Emerges in function around 36 months
Rotation of an object around its axis 180 degrees or more.
Thumb and finger are opposed and alternate movements as the object rotates.
Fingers move independently of one another
Example: an object is rotated end over end such as using the eraser of a pencil and returning it to the writing position
Emerges around 36 months and is refined through 72 months
- Complex rotation
How does the child become a bilateral / bimanual being?
