RBC STUDIES Flashcards
Characteristics of a Normal Red Blood Cell
1. its shape its biconcave disc (_____)
2. diameter
3. thickness
- MCAT
4. avg volume
- MCV
5. avg surface area
6. cytoplasm
7. central pallo:
- >1/3
- <1/3
- discocyte
- 7-8um
- 1.5-2.5um
- MEAN CORPUSCULAR AVERAGE THICKNESS - 80-100fL
- MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME - 160um sq.
- uniformly pink w/o inclusions
- 1/3 its diameter
- hypochromic
- spherocyte
Avg. lifespan
1. how many days
- less than this means rbc undergoes _____
2. a rbc survival studies where a substance _____<is added to the blood to be used as label as it emits gamma ray
3. ______ is reintroduced to patient
intravenously
4. blood is counted very ____ for _____
5. RBC half life
- half-life refers to the time it takes for ____
of chromium activity to disappear
6. ___ = RBC is prone to premature lysis
- 120 days
- premature hemolysis - Chromium-51
- chromated rbc
- 1-2 days for 10-14 days
- 25-32 days
- 50% - <25 days
RBC MEMBRANE COMPOSITION
1. ______ (%)
2. ______ (%)
3. ______ (%)
- CHO + lipid
- CHO + protein
- PROTEINS (50%)
- LIPIDS (40%)
- CARBOHYDRATES (10%)
- glycolipid
- glycoprotein
PROTEINS:
________: found on both sides; extends on phospholipid bilayer
- component (2)
- rich in ____
- this gives a ______ - maintain the (-) cloud of ions around
red cells
- when this become altered it results to ______ - some integral proteins also function as ______:
- regulates the entry of Na & K in&out
- major extracellular cation
- major intracellular cation
- another transport protein
INTEGRAL PROTEIN
- Glycophorin A & Component A (Band 3)
- SIALIC ACID
- NEGATIVE CHARGE - ZETA POTENTIAL
- ROULEAUX FORMATION - TRANSPORT PROTEIN
- Na/K ATPase
- SODIUM
- POTASSIUM
- Ca/Mg ATPasw
PROTEINS:
________: found on one side of the cell only; facing the inner/cytoplasmic environment
- component (2)
- forms the ______ - _____ interacts w/ one another and is connected to phospholipid bilayer to provide more strength to keep cell intact
- gene that is most common of typical dominant HS
- pincered spherocytes seen on smear
- location of mutation in spectrum determines clinical phenotype; most common cause of HE
- acanthocytic spherocytes
- common in recessively inherited HS in Japan
- uncommon cause of HE
- concomitant protein 4.1 deficieny is basis of HE in this gene
PERIPHERAL PROTEINS
- Spectrin & Actin
- CYTOSKELETON - SPECTRIN
- ANKYRIN
- BAND 3
- ALPHA SPECTRIN
- BETA SPECTRIN
- PROTEIN 4.2
- PROTEIN 4.1
- GLYCOPHORIN C
LIPIDS:
________: serves as a liquid sealer, because it is liquid stabilized by proteins where they are connected
- ____ head
- hydrophilic = - ____ tail
- hydrophobic = - external surface (3)
- internal surface (3)
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- PHOSPHATE HEAD
- POLAR - HYDROCARBON TAIL
- NONPOLAR - phosphatidyl choline
- sphingomyelin
- glycolipids
- phosphatidylinositol
- phosphatidylserine
- cephalin
LIPIDS:
________: regulates membrane fluidity & permeability to electrolytes
- is maintained w/ ionic gradient
- amount depends upon the concentration of (3)
- if _____ cholesterol is high, ___ & ___ are present
- necessary on digestion of cholesterol; for
solubilization/ emulsification
- for esterification of cholesterol
CHOLESTEROL
- SURFACE-AREA VOLUME
2.
- PLASMA CHOLESTEROL; Macrocytes & Target Cells
- BILE ACIDS
- activity of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACETYL TRANSFERASE (LCAT)
METABOLIC ACTIVITIES IN THE RBCs
_____: major source of red cell’s ATP: since mature RBC lacks mitochondrion, glycolytic pathway goes anaerobic
1. aka
2. will produce 2 ATPs for ______ and 2 ATPs for ______ = 4 ATPs
3. provides _______ of red cells atp requirement
_____: reduction of methemoglobin by NADPH is more efficient in the presence of methemoglobin reductase which serves as an intermediate electron carrier
1. aka
2. produces ____ which serves as reducing property & may also donate its hydrogen to cause reduction of ferric into ferrous
Embden Meyerhof Pathway
1. Glycolytic Pathway
2. glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate & dihydroxyacetone phosphate
3. 90-95%
Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
1. Cytochrome B5 Reductase)
2. NADH
METABOLIC ACTIVITIES IN THE RBCs
______: arises from EMP but it undergoes oxidative glycolysis
1. aka
2. if ____ converts to __
3. enzyme present
4. produces:
- which maintains the iron in ferrous form and reduced ferric back to ferrous
- main antioxidant property of red cell which also breaks down hydrogen peroxide
5. provides _____ of red cells atp req
____: generates 2,3-DPG which regulates affinity of Hgb to O2
1. by ____ the affinity
2. promoting release of O2 causing a shift to ____
3. 2,3-DPG stands for
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
1. Pentose Phosphate Shunt
2. glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) —> 6-phosphogluconate
3. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
4. produces:
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
- glutathione (GSH)
____: Rapoport-Luebering Pathway
1. lowering
2. right
3. 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
BREAKDOWN OF RED BLOOD CELL
1. decrease in ____
2. decrease in ____ & _____
3. decrease in ____ & increase in _____
4. this natural deterioration leads to its _____
- when cells are deformed it will be recognized by ______
- they recognize it as damage or ____ rbcs
- this process is called
5. approx ____% of rbc leave the circulation
- broken by ______
1.ENZYMES
2. ATP PRODUCTION AND METABOLIC AVTIVITY
3. SIZE, DENSITY
4. PHAGOCYTOSIS
- SPLENIC MACROPHAGE
- SENESCENT RBCS
- SPLENIC CULLING
5. 1%
- MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM
_______: destruction of senescent red cells by splenic macrophages
- aka:______ (%)
- heme releases ____ & ____
- iron is stored as ____ in spleen/bone marrow
- protoporphyrin will break off at alpha methane ridge by _______
- results to ____ (undergoes reduction into ______) & ____ - transport protein that brings the unconjugated bilirubin to liver from plasma
- in liver w/ ______, it will catalyze the addition of _______ to bilirubin which now forms the conjugated bilirubin
- conjugated bilirubin aka - bilirubin will be acted by bacterial intestinal enzymes converting it into ____
- 1/2 is reabsorb by liver; 1/2 is excreted:
- excreted in urine:
- excreted into feces due to ____ & _____
Extravascular Destruction
- Macrophage-mediated: 90%
- IRON & PROTOPORPHYRIN
- FERRITIN
- HEME OXYGENASE
- BILIVERDIN (reduced to UNCONJUGATED BILIRUBIN) - ALBUMIN
- UDP-glucorynyl transferase; 2 GLUCORONIC ACID
- bilirubin glucuronide - UROBILINOGEN
- URINE UROBILINOGEN
- UROBILIN & STERCOBILIN
_______: may be caused by turbulent environment in the circulation
- aka: ______ (%)
to preserve iron & prevent kidney from filtering it, the free hgb:
2. binds with ______: protein synthesized by
liver; it is made to bind to free hemoglobin and bring it to the liver
3. oxidizes to ______
- will eventually degrade and separate where heme will bind to _______
- to form _____ brought to the liver
4. binds w/ _____: methemoglobin that is not yet degraded will bind to this
- forming ______ and will be brought to
the liver
Intravascular Destruction
- Mechanical hemolysis: 10%
to preserve iron & prevent kidney from filtering it, the free hgb:
2. HAPTOGLOBIN
3. METHEMOGLOBIN
- HEMOPEXIN
- HEME-HEMOPEXIN COMPLEX
4. ALBUMIN
- METHEMEALBUMIN
