Rarer cancers

Question 1

Brain cancer symptoms

Answer 1

can be non-specific and variable
mainly due to effect of tumour on nerve roots, direct infiltration of cord + brain or hydrocephalus

headache
cranial or spinal nerve pain/dysfunction
nausea/vomiting
weakness

Question 2

Brain tumour treatment options

Answer 2

resection
radiosurgery
brain radiotherapy
chemotherapy
best supportive care

Question 3

Renal cancers risk factors

Answer 3

smoking
obesity
chemical exposure
VHL (von hippel lindau) disease
MET germline mutations
dialysis
familial causes

Question 4

Clinical presentation renal cancer

Answer 4

macroscopic haematuria
lower back pain
palpable lumbar mass
anaemia
fatigue
incidentally, asymptomatic (ultrasound, MR)

Question 5

What surgeries can be used for renal cancer?

Answer 5

partial nephrectomy
radical nephrectomy

Question 6

Basal cell carcinoma warning signs

Answer 6

small, smooth, pale or waxy shiny lump
firm, red lump
lump that bleeds or develops a crust

Question 7

Squamous cell carcinoma warning signs

Answer 7

scaly red patch
elevated with central depression
sore that persists

Question 8

ABCDE for melanoma

Answer 8

Asymmetry
Border
Colour
Diameter
Evolution

Question 9

3 most common locations for head + neck cancer

Answer 9

oral cancer
laryngeal cancer
nasopharyngeal cancer

Question 10

Risk factors for head + neck cancer

Answer 10

smoking tobacco products
chemicals (asbestos, chromium, nickel, arsenic, formaldehyde)

other factors:
- ionising radiation
- plummer-vinson syndrome
- EBV
- HPV

Question 11

Signs of head and neck cancer

Answer 11

hoarseness
erythroplasia
referred otalgia
persistent sore throat
epistaxis
nasal obstruction
serous otitis media
neck mass
non-healing ulcer
dysphagia
submucosal mass