Breast pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Name some benign breast pathologies

A

fibroadenoma
fibrocystic changes
intraductal papilloma
duct ectasia
periductal mastitis
fat necrosis
gynaecomastia

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2
Q

Most common type of breast cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

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3
Q

Which hormones inhibit production of milk during pregnancy?

A

progesterone
oestrogen

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4
Q

What happens to prolactin levels during pregnancy?

A

rise progressively to 10-20x normal level
promotes milk secretion

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5
Q

Acute mastitis presentation

A

fever
pain on breast
cracked nipples
erythema

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6
Q

Most common cause of acute mastitis

A

staphylococcus aureus

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7
Q

What would a red, inflamed breast in an older woman potentially be?

A

inflammatory breast cancer

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8
Q

What is duct ectasia?

A

when a milk duct beneath the nipple widens, the duct walls thicken, and the duct fills with fluid. This is the most common cause of greenish discharge

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9
Q

What is likely to be the cause of a smooth mobile breast lump in a 25 year old woman?

A

fibroadenoma

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10
Q

What can happen to fibroadenomas as they age?

A

can calcify as they age and show on mammograms - popcorn appearance

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11
Q

What is bloody breast discharge likely to be due to?

A

intraductal papilloma

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12
Q

What is gynaecomastia?

A

tender retroareolar mass due to excess oestrogen or deficiency/reduced activity of androgen - multiple causes

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13
Q

Where in the body would you normally find apocrine glands?

A

axilla
groin

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14
Q

Define carcinoma

A

malignant tumour of epithelial cells

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15
Q

What receptors are breast cancers screened for routinely?

A

oestrogen receptor
progesterone receptor
HER2

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16
Q

What cancers does BRCA1 increase risk of?

A

breast and ovarian

17
Q

If you have a young patient with a grade 3, hormone receptor -ve breast cancer - what should you test for?

A

germline BRCA1 mutation

18
Q

What is a tumour grade?

A

how closely the tumour resembles the tissue from which it arises (differentiation)
how aggressive the tumour is likely to be

19
Q

What can help you differentiate lymphoma and carcinoma?

A

immunohistochemistry

20
Q

What drugs can be used on oestrogen receptor positive breast cancers?

A

tamoxifen
aromatase inhibitor

21
Q

What drug can be used on HER2 positive breast cancers?

A

Herceptin (trastuzumab)

22
Q

What makes something a gland?

A

cell produced mucin = gland

23
Q

What is Paget’s disease of the nipple?

A

spread of high grade ductal carcinoma in situ cells into the epidermis
usually ER -ve and HER2 +ve