Rapid-Fire Facts Flashcards
Most common cause of neural tube defects
Folate deficiency
Most common cause of congenital malformations in the US
Alcohol use during pregnancy
Most common cause of congenital intellectual disability in the US
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation
Marfan syndrome
Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss
Alport syndrome
“can’t see, can’t pee, can’t hear high C”
Unilateral facial drooping involving the forehead
Bells palsy CNVII lesion
Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis
Horner syndrome
“worst headache of my life”
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Lucid interval following head trauma
Epidural hematoma
Bloody CSF on lumbar puncture
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Most common cause of subdural hematoma
Rupture of bridging veins
Most common cause of epidural hematoma
Rupture of middle meningeal artery
Treatment for absence seizures
Ethosuximide
Treatment for tonic-clonic seizures
Phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine
Toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument
Babinski reflex
upward going = positive
Hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, and positive Babinski sign
UMN lesion
hyporeflexia, decreased muscle tone, and muscle atrophy
LMN lesion
Depigmentation of substantia nigra
Parkinson Disease
Chorea, dementia, and atrophy of the caudate and putamen
Huntington disease
Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons
Lewy bodies
Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze
internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Degeneration of the dorsal columns
Tabes dorsalis
Demyelinating disease in a young woman
multiple sclerosis
Mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease
ALS
newborn with arm paralysis following a difficult labor
Erb-duchenne palsy
most common cause of dementia
Alzheimer disease
Second most common cause of dementia
multi-infarct dementia
extracellular amyloid deposits in the grey matter
Alzheimer disease - amyloid plaques
Intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Alzheimer disease - neurofibrillary tangles
Intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on silver stain
Pick diease
Amyloid deposits in gray matter of the brain
Alzheimers disease - senile plauques
Drooling farmer
Organophosphate poisoning
Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
alpha antagonist like phenoxybenazmine
selective alpha-1 antagonist used to treat BPH
Tamsulosin
What receptors have a Gq mechanism?
Cutsies HAVe 1 M&M
Qc H1, A1, V1, M1 M3
What receptors have a Gi mechanism?
MAD 2s
M2, A2, D2
What receptors have a Gs mechanism?
B1, B2, D1, H2, V2
Continuous machinery-like heart murmur
PDA
Boot shaped heart
Tetrology of Fallot
Rib notching
Coarctation of the aorta
Most common congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
Most common congenital cause of early cyanosis
Tetrology of Fallot
Bounding pulses, head-bobbing, diastolic murmur
Aortic regurgitation
Chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and persistent fever occurring several weeks after an MI
Dressler Syndrome
Splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails
Infective endocarditis
Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Roth spots (infective endocarditis)
Heat valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis
Mitral valve
Heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with infective endocarditis
Tricuspid valve
Granulomatous nodules in the heart
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic heart disease)
Most common primary cardiac tumor in children
Rhabdomyoma
Most common primary cardiac tumor in adults
Left atrial myxoma
Most common cause of constrictive pericarditis
in the US - Lupus
in developing countries - TB
Cold, pale painful digits
Raynaud phenomenon
c-ANCA
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
p-ANCA
Microscopic polyangiitis, Churg Strauss
Treatment for Buerger disease
Stop smoking!
Treatment for temporal arteritis
High dose steroids
Bone enlargement (hat doesn’t fit anymore), bone pain, arthritis
Paget disease of the bone
Vertebral compression fractures
Osteoporosis
Positive anterior drawer sign
ACL injury
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
Osteoarthritis
Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints
Rheumatoid arthritis
Cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath (eburnation of the bone)
Osteoarthritis
Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
Gout
Positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals
Pseudogout
Negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals
Gout
Bamboo spine on x-ray
Ankylosing spondylitis
HLA-B27
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies
Anti-smith and anti-dsDNA antibodies
Lupus
Anti-histone antibodies
drug induced lupus
Anti-centromere antibodies
CREST syndrome
Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
Diffuse systemic scleroderma
Anti-Jo-1 antibodies
Polymyositis
Anti-Ro antibodies
Sjogren syndrome
Facial rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a young woman
Lupus
Arthritis, dry mouth, and dry eyes
Sjogren syndrome
Most common cause of death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy/nephritis
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy
Squamous cell carcinoma
Most common malignant skin tumor
Basal cell carcinoma
Most common cancer in men
Prostate cancer
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in men
BPH
Most common treatment for erectile dysfunction
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor (Sildenafil)
Dysplastic cervical cells with enlarged, dark nuclei
Koilocytes (HPV infection)
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
Most common tumor in women
Leiomyoma
Most common gynecological malignancy in the US
Endometrial carcinoma
Most common gynecological malignancy worldwide
Cervical cancer
Chocolate cyst of the ovary
Endometriosis
Most common benign ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenoma
Most common malignant ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies (Granulosa-Theca cell tumors
Most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
Trisomy 21 (Down)
Second most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
Fragile X Syndrome
Horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma
Turner syndrome
Rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput and small jaw
Trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome)
Most common cancer in women in the US
Breast cancer
Most common benign breast tumor
Fibroadenoma
Most common malignant breast tumor
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
Blue dome cyst in the breast
Fibrocystic change
Treatment for ER(+) breast cancer
Tamoxifen
Red, itchy, swollen rash on the areola and nipple
Paget Disease
Branching, filamentous Gram (+) rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
Food poisoning due to exotoxin
Staph aureus and B cereus
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
Most common medication used for UTI prophylaxis
TMP-SMX
Most common bacteria in a patient with a struvite kidney stone
Proteus (may be staph)
Standard treatment with T. pallidum
Penicillin G
Cellulitis from a dog or cat bite
Pasteurella multocida
A non-painful, indurated ulcerated genital lesion
Chancre of primary syphilis
Moist, smooth, flat white genital lesion
condyloma lata of secondary syphilis
Large bull’s eye rash
Erythema migrans due to Lyme disease
Calcified granuloma in the lung, plus hilar lymphadenopathy
Ghon complex
Back pain, fever, night sweats and weight loss
Pott’s disease
Standard treatment regimen for TB
RIPE - Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, ethambutol
most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in neonates
Group B strep
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in children
Strep penumo, N. meningitidis
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in adults
Strep pneumo
Osteomyelitis in an IV drug user
Staph aureus, pseudomonas
Osteomyelitis in a sickle cell patient
Salmonella
Most common reportable STD
Chlamydia
Non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion with exudate
Chancroid
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells on a wet prep of vaginal discharge
Clue cells in Bacterial vaginosis
Common treatment for syphilis
Penicillin G
Common treatment for Trichomonas
Metronidazole
Common treatment for Chlamydia
Doxycycline or Azithromycin
Common treatment for gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone
Dark purple nodules on the skin an HIV patient
Kaposi sarcoma
Temporal lobe encephalitis
HSV-1
Owl’s eye inclusions in organ tissue
CMV
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplets
Type A Cowdry bodies - HSV, CMV
Aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient
Parvovirus B19
Child with a fever and “slapped cheek” rash on the face that spreads to his body
Fifth disease (Parvovirus B19)
Fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, and diffuse rash
Measles (Rubeola)
Small irregular blue-gray spots on the buccal mucosa, surrounded by a base of red
Koplik spots (Measles)
Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient
Kaposi Sarcoma
Large cells with owl’s eye inclusions
CMV
Treatment for CMV
Ganciclovir
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients
Pneumocystis jirovceii penumonia
Drug used to prevent penumocysts pneumonia
TMP-SMX
Treatment for oral candidiasis
Nystatin, Fluconazole
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients
Penumocystis jirovecii
Prophylaxis for Cryptococcus in AIDS patients
Fluconazole
Prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS patients
TMP-SMX
Treatment for systemic candidiasis
Fluconazole (normal patients), Amphotericin B or echinocandin (immunocommpromised patients)
Treatment for sporothrix schenckii
Itraconzole oral potassium iodide
Ring enhancing brain lesions in an HIV patient
Toxoplasma gondii
Treatment for trichomonas vaginalis
Metronidazole
Most common protozoal diarrhea
Giardia Lamblia
Most common helminth infection in the USA
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm!)
Second most common helminth infection in the USA
Ascaris lumbricoides
Anti-IgG antibodies
AKA Rheumatoid factor!
Rheumatoid arthritis
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA)
Rheumatoid arthritis, this is more specific for RA than rheumatoid factor
Anti-centromere antibodies
CREST syndrome
Anti-Scl-70
AKA anti-DNA topoisomerase
Diffuse scleroderma
Anti-histone antibodies
Drug induced lupus
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
Systemic lupus erythematous
ANA is not specific
Anti-smith antibodies
Systemic lupus erythematous
Anti-dsDNA
Lupus nephritis
Anti-Jo-1 antibodies
Polymyositis (dermatomyositis)
Anti-SSA (anti-Ro)
Sjogren syndrome
Anti- SSB (anti-La)
Sjogren syndrome
Anti-U1-RNP
(RNP = Ribonucleoprotein)
Mixed connective tissue disease
Anti-desmoglein
Pemphigus vulgaris
Anti-acetylcholine receptor
Myasthenia gravis
Anti-endomysial (anti-transglutaminase)
Celiac Disease
Anti-gliadin
Celiac disease
Anti-mitochrondrial
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Anti-smooth muscle
Autoimmune hepatitis
Anti-glutamate decarboxylase
Type 1 DM
Anti-thyrotropin receptor
Graves disease
Anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO)
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Anti-thyroglobulin
Hashimoto thyroiditis, Graves disease
Anti-basement membrane
Good pastures syndrome
c-ANCA
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s)
p-ANCA
Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis
Churg-Strauss syndrome
Microscopic polyangiitis
Eczema, recurrent cold abscesses, high serum IgE
Hyper IgE syndrome (Job Syndrome)
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes
Chediak Higashi Syndrome
Dysphage, glossitis, iron deficiency anemia
Plummer vinson syndrome
Hematemesis with retching
Mallory-Weiss Tear
Specialized columnar epithelium seen in a biopsy from the distal esophagus
Barrett’s esophagus
Biopsy of a patient with esophagitis reveals large pink intranuclear inclusions and host cell chromatin that is pushed to the edge of the nucleus
HSV infection
Biopsy of a patient with esophagitis reveals enlarged cells, intracuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions, and a clear perinuclear halo
CMV infection
An esophageal biopsy reveals a lack of ganglion cells between the inner and outer muscular layers
Achalasia
Protrusion of the mucosa in the upper esophagus (webs)
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Outpouching of all layers of the esophagus found just above the LES
Epiphrenic diverticulum
Goblet cells seen in the distal esophagus
Barrett esophagitis
A PAS stain on a biopsy obtained from a patient with esophagitis reveals hyphate organisms
Candida esophagitis
Esophageal pouch found in the upper esophagus
Zenker diverticulum
Stomach biopsy reveals neutrophils above the basement membrane, loss of surgace epithelium, and fibrin-containing purulent exudate
Acute gastritis
Stomach biopsy reveals lymphoid aggregates in the lamina propria, columnar absorptive cells, and atrophy of glandular structures
Chronic gastritis
Diffuse thickening of gastric folds, elevated serum gastrin levels, biopsy reveals glandular hyperplasia without foveolar hyperplasia
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Mucin filled cell with a peripheral nucleus
Signet ring cell
Seen in gastric cancer, lobular carcinoma in situ
Most common type of stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Ovarian metastasis from gastric cancer
Krukenberg tumor
Gastric ulcerations and high gastric levels
Zollinger-Ellison tumor
Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma
Cushing ulcer
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy and hyperpigmentation
Whipple disease
Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
Celiac Disease
Vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects
Folic acid
Most common surgical emergency
Appendicitis
Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
McBurney’s point
Most common cancer of the appendix
Carcinoid tumor
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors
Gardner syndrome
“Apple core” lesion on barium enema
Colon cancer
Most common site of colonic diverticula
Sigmoid colon
“String sign” on contrast X ray
Crohn’s disease
“Lead pipe” appearance of colon on contrast X-ray
Ulcerative colitis
Painless jaundice
Pancreatic cancer - esp in head of pancrease
Most common cause of acute pancreatitis
Gallstones and alcohol
Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
Alcohol abuse
Severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate
Crigler Najjar syndrome (Type I)
Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert Syndrome
Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes
Fatty liver disease
Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes
Mallory bodies
Cancer closely linked to cirrhosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
remember with Budd Chiari there is ABSENT JVD
Green/yellow corneal deposits
Wilson disease
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson disease
Cirrhosis, diabetes, and hyperpigmentation
Hemochromatosis
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones
Cholecystitis
Inflammation/infection of the gallbladder
Cholangitis
Inflammation/infection of the biliary tree
Choledocholithiasis
Gallstones in the bile ducts
Charcot’s triad
Jaundice, fever, RUQ pain
Reynolds triad
Charcot’s triad + hypotension and altered mental status
Chronic sinusitis, infertility and situs inversus
Kartagener syndrome
Elevated D-dimers
PE, DVT
Clotting!
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood
Virchow’s triad
Blue bloater
Hypoxemia, hypercapnia (Chronic bronchitis)
Pink puffer
Dyspnea, Hyperventilation (Emphysema)
Curschmann’s spirals
Shed epithelium from mucus plugs (asthma)
Most common cause of pulmonary hypertension
COPD
Bilateral hilar adenopathy and uveitis
Sarcoidosis
Vasculitis and glomerulonephrtisis
Goodpastures, Wegener’s
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture’s
Honeycomb lung on X-ray
Interstitial fibrosis
“tennis-racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles
Birbeck granules
Iron-containing nodules in the alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies (suspect asbestosis)
Lung cancer associated with SIADH
Small cell lung cancer
Tumor associated with horner syndrome
Pancoast tumor
A boy with self-mutilating behavior, intellectual disability and gout
Lesch-nyhan syndrome
Orotic acid in the urine and elevations in serum ammonia
OTC deficiency
Orotic acid in the urine and no elevations in serum ammonia
Orotic aciduria
Megaloblastic anemia that does not improve with folate or B12
Orotic aciduria
bluish colored lines on the gingivae
Lead poisoning (bruton’s lines)
treatment of choice for rickets or osteomalacia
Vitamin D
Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on the skin
Scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency)
Most common vitamin deficiency in the US
Folate deficiency
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia (Folate and/or B12)
Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema and polyneuropathy
Wet Beri Beri (Thiamine Vit B1 deficiency)
most common medication for ADHD
Methylphenidate (Ridalin)
Most common medication for bulimia nervosa
SSRIs (example: Fluoxetine)
medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal
Benzodiazepine (Example: -pam, or Chlordiazepoxide)
Most effective treatment for alcohol abuse
AA (alcoholics anonymous)
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Treatment for central DI
Desmopressin
Treatment for nephrogenic DI
HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride
Treatment for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI
Amiloride
Nodular hyaline deposits in the glomeruli
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (Diabetic nephropathy)
Glomerulonephritis plus pulmonary vasculitis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Goodpastures syndrome
Red cell casts
Acute glomerulonephritis
Waxy casts
Chronic renal failure
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Chronic pyelonephritis
Most common renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma
Most common type of renal stone
Calcium stones
Type of renal stone associated with Proteus vulgaris
Struvite stones
Inability to breast feed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance
Sheehan syndrome
Infertility, galactorrhea, and bitemporal hemianopsia
Prolactinoma
What are the most common causes of Cushing Syndrome?
Exogenous steroid use
Ectopic ACTH secretion
ACTH secreting pituitary Adenoma (Cushing Disease)
Adrenal tumor that secretes cortisol
most common tumor of the adrenal
Benign, non-functioning adrenal adenoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla (in adults)
Pheochromocytoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla (in children)
Neuroblastoma
Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal adenoma
Medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism
Spironolactone or eplerenone
Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
non-selective alpha blocker (phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine)
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer and hyperparathyroidism
MEN2A
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, mucosal neuromas
MEN2B
Adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation
Addisons disease
Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome)
most common thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
Cold intolerance
Hypothyroid
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
Papillary cancer of the thyroid
Standard treatment for DKA
IV fluids, IV insulin, K+ replacement
Standard treatment for Type I DM
Insulin
Standard treatment for type 2 DM
Low carb diet, weight loss, oral hypoglycemic drugs, insulin
Most common cause of hypercalcemia
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid adenoma
Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Chronic renal failure (hypocalcemia)
Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
Accidental parathyroidectomy (during thyroid surgery)
Facial muscle spasm when tapping on the cheek
Chvostek sign
Parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors
MEN Itic anemia
Preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation
heparin or LMWH
Preferred anticoagulant for long term anticoagulation
Warfarin
Preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy
heparin or LMWH
Causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia
iron deficiency, thalassemia, lead posioning
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia
Skull x-ray shows a hair-on-end appearance
Marrow hyperplasia (beta thalassemia or sickle cell disease)
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
Lead posioning
painful cyanosis of the fingers and toes, with hemolytic anemia
cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Red urine in the morning, and fragile RBCs
PNH
Autosplenectomy
Sickle cell disease
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell Jolly bodies
drug used to treat sickle cell disease
hydroxy urea - increases HbF
inhibits ribonucleotide reductase - decreases DNA synthesis
antiplatelet antibodies
Immune thrombocytopenia
Bleeding disorder with gpIb deficiency
Bernard soulier disease
Most common inherited bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
cancer most commonly associated with a non-infectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
Sheets of lymphoid cells with a “starry sky” appearance
Burkitt lymphoma
Large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent owl’s eye inclusions
Reed Sternberg cells
“smudge” cells
CLL
“Punched out” lytic bone lesions
multiple myeloma
RBCs clumped together like a stack of coins
Rouleaux formation (multiple myeloma)
Monoclonal antibody spike
Multiple myeloma, MGUS, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Reddish pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts
Auer rods (AML)
Anti-microsomal antibody
Hashimoto thyroiditis
