Random NBCOT Terms Flashcards
BADL
Basic activities of daily living
Stage 1 pressure ulcer
- no open wound/tears in skin
- skin reddens but does not blanch
- warm to the touch
- surrounding area may feel either firmer or softer
- client may report pain
Stage 2 pressure ulcer
- partial-thickness skin loss
- exposed dermis
- open wound that looks like a scrape, blister, or tear
- client reports pain and tenderness
- warm to the touch
- localized edema
Stage 3 pressure ulcer
- full-thickness skin loss
- open wound that looks like a crater
- wound extends into the fat layer, but not to the tendon, muscle, or bone
Stage 4 pressure ulcer
- full-thickness tissue/skin loss
- open wound with visible muscle, tendon, or bone
- tunneling or undermining may both be present
Unstageable pressure ulcer
- full-thickness skin/tissue loss
- wound completely converted by eschar or slough
Musculoskeletal system: changes associated with aging
- decreased bone density
- sarcopenia (loss of muscle tissue)
- decline in skeletal flexibility/mobility
- joint degeneration
Nervous system: changes associated with aging
- brain atrophy
- decrease in nerve conduction velocity
- reduced ability to maintain homeostasis
- decline in cognitive processing: memory, reaction time, processing speed, problem-solving
Cardiopulmonary system: changes associated with aging
- thickening of inner lining of the heart
- decreased cardiac output
- changes in elastin of arterial walls
- reduced lung volume
Integumentary system: changes associated with aging
- reduced collagen and elastin
- decreased melanin production
- reduced tactile sensitivity
- changes to hair growth, color, and thickness
Genitourinary system: changes associated with aging
- smaller bladder capacity
- bladder muscle weakness
- reduced sensation to void
- decline in urethral closure
- changes in sexual organ functioning
Hypertrophic scar
caused by overproduction of collagen & increased vascularity
- initially appearing as raised, thick, erythematous, possibly in circular/spiral pattern
- progressively becomes flatter/more pliable as wound matures & collagen fibers relax
Superficial burn
1st degree burn
- mild sunburn or short exposure to heat source, chemical, hot liquid
- damage only to epidermis
- dry, superficial redness, blister free
- reports of mild to moderate discomfort
- no risk of scar formation/contracture
Superficial partial thickness burn
- severe sunburn, lengthy exposure to heat source
- damage to upper dermis & epidermis
- blistering and redness
- reports of significant discomfort
- low risk of hypertrophic scar formation
Deep partial thickness burn
- direct contact or lengthy exposure to a heat source
- complete destruction of epidermis and most of dermis
- redness and large blisters
- high risk of hypertrophic scar or contractures
Full thickness burn
- damage to nerve endings, dermis, epidermis
- pale in appearance
- decreased tactile sensation
- high risk of hypertrophic scar or contractures, may require surgery to promote wound healing
Web space contracture
Loss of tissue elasticity between fingers or toes impacting function
- commonly associated with soft tissue trauma such as a burn
Spasticity
Abnormal motor movement resulting from impairment in CNS characterized by hypertonia
Pitting edema
Type of interstitial swelling in extremities in which an indent appears after pressure is applied, typically graded from absent (0) to severe (3+)
Subluxation of the shoulder
Musculoskeletal condition
- partial dislocation of glenohumeral joint
- caused by trauma, decreased muscle strength in RTC
Rigidity
Abnormal neurogenic movements
- results in reflexive posturing, inflexibility, muscular stiffness, jerky/irregular movements
Types
- decorticate
- decree rate
- cog-wheel
- lead pipe
Decorticate rigidity
Characteristic abnormal reflexive posturing secondary to severe brain injury, typically in Pts w/score of 3 on motor section of Glasgow coma scale
- flexion of elbows across chest
- adduction/flexion of wrists
- flexion of fingers
- extension/IR of legs
- plantar flexion of feet
Decerebrate rigidity
Characteristic abnormal reflexive posturing secondary to severe brain injury, typically in Pt’s w/score of 2 on motor section of Glasgow coma scale
- adduction & extension of arms next to body
- pronation of forearms
- flexion of wrists & fingers
- extension & IR of legs
- plantar flexion of feet
Cog-wheel rigidity
Motor dysfunction secondary to lesion of basal ganglia
- muscles respond in jerky motion when force is applied during flexion of a joint
- common PD symptom
Clasp-knife rigidity
Reflexive abnormal motor response due to cortical lesion
- spastic muscle suddenly releases tension & gives way in response to passive stretch
Lead pipe rigidity
Motor dysfunction secondary to a lesion of basal ganglia
- slow PROM, constant resistance is felt throughout
- common PD symptom
Clonus
Reflexive abnormal motor movements in response to tendon stretch (as in reflex testing)
- indicative of a cortical lesion
- series of involuntary rhythmic contraction & relaxation of the muscle
Frontal lobe
Lobe of the cerebral cortex
- emotional control
- impulse control
- motor function
- short-term memory
- initiation
- executive function: organization, planning, problem solving
- social & sexual behavior
Temporal lobe
Lobe of the cerebral cortex
- long-term memory
- receptive language (L temporal lobe)
- processing of sensory information (auditory and visual)
Parietal lobe
Cerebral cortex lobe
- integration of sensory information
- knowledge of numbers and their relations
- manipulation of objects
- visuospatial processing (right)
- praxis (left)
Occipital lobe
Cerebral cortex lobe
- visual reception
- color recognition
Explicit memory
Purposeful retrieval of experiences and factual information about everyday life events
Types:
- episodic
- semantic
Implicit memory
Automatic retrieval of motor or cognitive information required to perform actions or tasks
Short-term memory
Type of memory that involves storing chunks of information or facts for a limited duration of time
Long-term memory
Type of memory associated with storing information for an extended duration of time
Three types
- episodic
- semantic
- procedural
Episodic memory
Type of declarative LT memory associated with retrieval of personal information (food eaten for lunch, clothing worn to school, events at a party)
Semantic memory
Type of declarative LT memory associated with retrieval of common knowledge including vocabulary and general facts (colors, names of political leaders, capitals of countries)
Procedural memory
Type of LT memory associated with knowing how to perform learned skills and actions (how to ride a bicycle, tie shoes)
Prospective memory
Type of memory associated with remembering to perform an action or event planned for a future date (attend a medical appointment, take medication, pay a bill)
Encoding
Stage of memory where brain processes details of information to be remembered
Associated with following brain structures:
- language areas (Broca’s, Wernicke’s area)
- frontal lobes
- visual system
Stages of memory:
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
Storage
Stage of memory where encoded information is transferred to an area of the brain for later retrieval
Associated with following brain structures:
- bilateral medial temporal lobes
- hippocampus
Stages of memory:
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
Retrieval
Stage of memory where brain searches for and recalls relevant information
Associated with following brain structure:
- frontal lobe
Stages of memory
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
Cranial nerve 1: olfactory nerve
Cranial nerve that relays sense of smell
Cranial nerve II: optic nerve
Cranial nerve that relays visual information, including visual field and acuity
Cranial nerve III: oculomotor nerve
Cranial nerve that innervates muscles of the eyes for
- eyelid elevation (prevents ptosis)
- elevation, depression, adduction of the eye
- constriction of the pupil
Cranial nerve IV: trochlear nerve
Cranial nerve that innervates muscles of the eye for
- depression and abduction of the eye
Cranial nerve V: trigeminal nerve
- innervates muscles associated with chewing, biting, rotary movements of the jaw
- sensory branch innervates skin, mucous membranes, sinuses of the face
Cranial nerve VI: abducens nerve
- Abduction of the eye
- accommodation for far vision
Cranial nerve VII: facial nerve
- facial expression
- sense of taste for anterior two-thirds of tongue
Cranial nerve VII: vestibulocochlear nerve
- hearing
- balance
- postural control
Cranial nerve IX: glossopharangeal nerve & cranial nerve X: vagus
Tested together
- gag reflex
- regulation of blood pressure
- sense of taste for posterior one-third of tongue
- innervates pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles
- parasympathetic innervation of chest and abdomen
Cranial nerve XI: spinal accessory nerve
- innervates sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscles for motor movements of the shoulder and neck
Cranial nerve XII: hypoglossal nerve
Motor movement of the tongue
Visual field
The area that a person can see via central & peripheral vision
Examples of deficits in this field include
- central scoot a
- homonymous hemianopia
- quadrantanopia
Central scotoma
Impaired central vision
Quadrantanopia
Visual field deficit characterized by decreased vision in one quadrant of the visual field
Visual acuity
The ability of the visual system to clearly discriminate shapes & details in the environment
Visual accommodation
Mechanism of the eye that allow clarity of vision when a visual stimulus moves close to or away from the eyes
Stereopsis
Ability to see 3-D objects and perceive depth; may be impaired by
- monocular vision
- strabismus
Contrast sensitivity
Visual ability to differentiate between
- shades of color
- an object and its background
Strabismus
Condition in which the eyes do not align when looking at an object; impacts
- accurately reaching for objects
- reading
Stereognosis (haptic or tactile gnosia)
Ability to perceive/identify an object by touch without visual or auditory cues (i.e. identifying a light switch in a completely dark room
Oculomotor control
Ability of the eyes to move in all directions & move together, impairments may cause:
- increased head movement
- difficulty keeping place
Visual scanning
Ability of the eyes to systematically search, impairments may cause:
- decreased visual attention
- difficulty reading
- difficulty navigating
Visual attention
Ability to maintain one’s gaze on a visual stimulus
Pattern recognition
Ability to identify information and determine similarities & differences in the stimulus to form a meaningful pattern
Visual memory
Ability to capture a visual image & transfer it to short & long term memory for recognition & retrieval at a later time
Visual cognition
Ability to process visual information by integrating it with other sensory information to perform meaningful activities
Right/left discrimination
Ability to differentiate one side of the body from the other, impairments may cause:
- decreased ability to follow directional instructions
- difficulty with spatial relations
Topographic orientation
Ability to orient oneself to the surroundings using visuospatial skills, impairments may cause:
- difficulty with directions/navigation
- learning routes
Figure-ground discrimination
Ability to focus on a single detail in a busy background, impairments may cause difficulties with:
- locating personal items in a cluttered space
- flinging information on a blackboard
- locating a person in a crowd
Dysphasia
Difficulty in swallowing associated with
- neurological, developmental, or oral motor condition
- sensory, motor, or behavioral dysfunction
Cleft lip & palate
Structural deformity in which upper lip &/or palette has congenital separation requiring surgery
Intervention: safe feeding strategies pre & post op
Oral motor dysfunction
Functional impairment of the musculature of lips, jaw, tongue, cheeks associated with neuromuscular and/or developmental conditions
Difficulties with
- eating
- blowing/sucking
- speaking
Client record
Written documentation that contains data pertaining to client’s situation
Record review
Process of gathering relevant information to support safe/effective therapeutic process
Examples:
- medical chart
- radiology/lab reports
- prior therapy notes
- reports from interprofessional team members
Questionnaire
Assessment method in which client or proxy answers series of written questions to contribute information during data-gathering process
Screening
Quick method for acquiring general information about client’s diagnosis or cognition
often used to determine rehabilitation potential or need for more in-depth assessment
Performance-based test
Type of assessment in which occupational performance is measured through observation & analysis of client engaging in functional tasks
Evaluation
Comprehensive process to determine client-centered priorities and goals, components include
- creating occupational profile
- administering standardized and non standardized assessments
- formulating conclusions regarding needs/priorities
- collaboration to develop targeted plan
Assessment
Standardized or nonstandardized tool to collect specific information for the evaluation
Examples
- COPM
- Kitchen task assessment
- transition planning inventory
- Contextual memory test
Occupational profile
Part of OT process completed during evaluation & refined throughout intervention used to gain an understanding of
- typical level of performance & participation in occupations
- client identified priorities
Observation
Act of watching a client perform an action or occupation-based activity
Interview
Structured dialogue or conversation to collect information from client, caregivers, or relevant others
Proxy
Person who provides information or answers to questions on behalf of client during an interview or on a questionnaire
Structured interview
Type of interview conducted in systemic manner with specific questions typically asked in predetermined and consistent order
Open-ended interview
Nonstandardized and unstructured interview that allows client to openly share information & interviewer to ask follow-up questions customized based on client’s responses
Standardized test
Evaluation tool administer under standard procedures & scored against specific guidelines
Non-standardized test
Evaluation tool that measures ability or performance not compared to a norm or standard
Norm-referenced test
Type of standardized test
- compares performance of client in relation to average performance of peer sample
Self-report test
Test for collecting data on performance/behavior directly from client, caregivers, or relevant others
Examples:
- ages & stages questionnaire
- children’s assessment of participation & enjoyment
Criterion-referenced test
Type of standardized test
- compares abilities of client to defined list of skills or level of performance
Examples:
- school function assessment
- gross-motor function measure
Ipsative assessment
Type of standardized test
- client rates own level of performance using specific test instructions
- results compared at separate intervals over time
Examples
- COPM
- pediatric volitional questionnaire
Anthropometric
Measurements that refer to size & proportions of the human body
Test-retest reliability
Consistency of a test in yielding similar results over time
- calculated by administering same test on 2 different occasions
Inter-rater reliability
Ability of test to yield similar results when administered to same client by 2 independent raters
Intrarater reliability
Ability of test to yield similar results when administered to same client by same therapist with repeated testing
Internal consistency
Correlation statistic calculated to ensure items on a test deliver consistent scores
Glascow Coma scale
Neurological screening tool used to identify level of consciousness & measure severity of traumatic brain injury
Features include:
- 15 point scale
- measures motor, verbal, eye-opening responses
Driving evaluation
Combination of clinical assessments, simulated performance tests, and road evaluation used to determine level of safety & independence when operating a motor vehicle
Job demands
Performance components of the specific physical, cognitive, and social task demands of a job
Work performance measurement
Part of vocational rehab process
- includes evaluation of client’s ability to perform demands of the workplace
Client factors
Language in OTPF used to describe characteristics that affect performance skills & performance patterns including
- body structures
- body functions
- values
- beliefs
- spirituality
Volition
Intrinsic motivation to perform or participate in an activity
Judgement
Neurobehavioral ability to make safe/effective decisions based on relevant information & feedback
motivation
Intrinsic desire to participate in an activity or continue to perform an activity
Affordances
Visual cue learned through exploratory actions
- used to enhance understanding of an object’s intended function
- may be impaired in children with ASD
Exercise intolerance
Energy expenditure beyond current capacity
Symptoms
- chest pain
- excessive fatigue
- SOB and/or dizziness
Social demands
Challenges/pressures present in an interactive context that may influence task performance
Caregiver adaptation
Process of modifying perceptions, actions, & skills by the person providing care based on needs of recipient of care
Restrictive repetitive acts
Diagnostic feature of ASD that involves repetitive movements/actions
Examples
- flapping arms
- rocking
- spinning
- banging head
Ideation
Cognitive ability to generate new concepts or ideas about an object or situation
Suicidal ideation
Thought process associated with act of suicide, often associated with depression, anxiety, & mood disorders
Signs/symptoms
- feelings of helplessness & isolation
- low self-esteem & psychological distress
Altered mental status
General term that refers to decrease in cognitive function, feelings of confusion, change in behavior &/or agitation
- may indicate a transient or acute condition (such as delirium or stupor) or chronic condition (dementia)
Arousal
Physiological state in which individual is responsive to sensory stimuli
- requisite for being alert & attentive
Sustained attention
Type of attention
- focusing on a task over time without being distracted
Divided attention
Type of attention
- shifting focus between 2+ tasks at the same time
Selective attention
Type of attention
- focusing on a particular stimuli while simultaneously filtering out distractions
Emotional dysregulation
Emotional action/behavior not within typically expected range of emotional responses for a particular social situation
Activity tolerance
Duration of time a client can physically & mentally perform an activity before needing a rest break
Functional performance
Ability to carry out daily living tasks
Social skills
Skills associated with developing relationships with others
- interacting/expressing emotion
- verbal/nonverbal communication
- eye-contact
- reciprocity
- empathy
Self-awareness
Ability to identify & perceive personal strengths & weaknesses that may influence
- motivation to change
- metacognition
- recognition of performance errors
- desire to modify performance
Psychotropic medications
Medications to treat psychiatric conditions
- act on neurotransmitters at synaptic junctions
- intended to influence behavior change
Antipsychotic medications
Meds used to treat psychotic symptoms
- mania
- agitation
- hallucinations & delusions
Antidepressant medications
Meds to treat depression, anxiety, aggression, agitation, disturbed sleep patterns, & low mood
Mood stabilizing medications
Meds in treatment of bipolar disorder to treat symptoms of mania & depression
Anticonvulsant medications
Meds in treatment of seizure disorders
Performance skills
Language in OTPF that defines client’s ability to complete components of an activity
- characterized as motor, process, & social interaction skills
Motor coordination
Function of cerebellum that includes ability for diff muscle groups to work smoothly together to allow for desired rate & rhythm of movement
Performance patterns
Language in OTPF that describes frequency & level of participation in occupations including
- habits
- routines
- roles
- rituals
Physical environment
Context(s) that support or hinder occupational performance & participation includes
- built surroundings (e.g. home, workplace, cement walkway)
- natural surroundings (e.g. hills, plants, trees)
Personal context
Conditions within the individual that uniquely influence occupational performance including
- stable factors (e.g. age, long standing belief structure)
- dynamic factors (e.g. pain, mood, fatigue)
Social context
Elements within & surrounding a client that influence interpersonal & individual behaviors during occupational performance
Cultural context
Beliefs, customs, values that are shared by individuals within a group or community
- influence activity choice
Multicontextual approach
Expectation that task modifications/cognitive strategies should be applicable & be practiced in multiple contexts where client has performance demands
Based on Dynamic Interactional Model of Cognition
Activity analysis
Process of identifying task demands & abilities required to perform the task &/or the environmental factors affecting performance
Activity analysis: activity configuration
Component of activity analysis in which all parts of an activity are considered by the practitioner
Activity analysis: activity synthesis
Component of activity analysis in which intervention activities are matched, modified, & graded to support progress towards client’s goals
Pre-driving tasks
Tasks completed prior to operating a motor vehicle
- getting to the vehicle
- transferring into the vehicle
- manipulating the key for functional use
- opening/closing car door
- loading/unloading mobility devices
- adjusting seat/controls
- securing seat belt
