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NBCOT > Conditions > Flashcards

Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Neurodegenerative condition

A
  • progressive neurological disease of CNS, structural or neurochemical, advances according to characteristic stages
    Examples:
    1) Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
    2) Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
    3) Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
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2
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Neurodegenerative
- deterioration in substantia nigra
- rigidity
- bradykinesia
- resting tremor
- festinating gait

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3
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Neurodegenerative condition
- white matter lesions in CNS & demyelination process
- fluctuate changes in energy level, sensation, weakness, cognition, vision, mobility

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4
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

Acute demyelinating condition
- symmetrical & progressive paralysis
- ascending weakness starting at the feet
- possibility cranial nerve & respiratory muscle involvement

Typical course includes
- acute phase: 2-4 weeks: progressive increase in symptoms
- plateau phase: few days to few weeks: no change occurs
- progressive recovery phase (up to 2 years): gradual improvement

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5
Q

Amyotropic Lateral sclerosis

A

Neurodegenerative condition
- progressive death of upper & lower motor neurons
- muscle weakness in one or more extremity
- difficulties with speech, swallowing, &/or breathing

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6
Q

Huntington’s disease

A
  • genetically-inherited degenerative neurological disease
  • begins between 30 and 50 years
  • choreiform movements, decline in thinking & reasoning skills, alterations in mood

Interventions: support engagement in occupation (e.g. environmental modification, assistive devices, augmentative communication devices, dysphasia management, cognitive strategies, seating & mobility, caregiver training)

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7
Q

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

A

Inherited genetic disorder
- muscle weakness & atrophy of proximal musculature of pelvis & shoulder girdle
- symptoms more common in males, detected around 3 years of age
- gradual loss of independent ambulation, progressive deterioration of musculature of trunk, neck, & distal extremities
- cognition unaffected

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8
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus

A

Autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting joints, skin, blood cells, vital organs
- characterized by distinct butterfly-shaped facial rash that crosses both cheeks
- symptoms may be acute, chronic, or episodic & may include
1) joint pain & swellling
2) skin lesions
3) fatigue
4) Raynaud’s phenomenon
5) dyspnea
6) alterations in cognition

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9
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Most common form of dementia
- decline in memory, thinking, & performance skills with 3 stages
1) mild
2) moderate
3) severe

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10
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease: mild stage

A
  • difficulty remembering new information
  • getting lost
  • challenges with money management
  • increased time to complete ADL & routines
  • mood & personality changes
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11
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease: moderate stage

A
  • increased memory loss & confusion
  • impulsive behavior
  • difficulty in completing daily activities
  • poor problem solving & judgement
  • may experience hallucinations, delusions, & paranoia
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12
Q

Alzheimer’s disease: severe stage

A
  • inability to communicate
  • dependent with ADLs
  • dysphasia & increased risk of aspiration
  • incontinence
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13
Q

Macular degeneration

A

Progressive, age-related visual condition
- atrophy of macula (posterior part of retina)
- decrease in central visual acuity
- blurry, distorted or low vision

Interventions: magnification devices, lighting recommendations, color & contrast enhancements, visual skills training

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14
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Autoimmune motor unit disorder
- ptosis & double vision
- possible difficulty with chewing, swallowing, & speech
- weakness & fatigue that increases throughout the day

Interventions: energy conservation, work simplification education, sleep hygiene strategies, recommendation of adapted & assistive devices, activity modification

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15
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

Pulmonary condition associated with limited airflow from the lungs
- difficulty breathing
- shortness of breath during activities
- dyspnea & fatigue that influence occupational performance
- persistent cough
- includes emphysema & chronic bronchitis

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16
Q

Dyspnea

A

Shortness of breath due to impaired breathing in response to activity or at rest & may require
- medical attention
- modification to activity demands
- instruction in breathing techniques
- dyspnea control postures

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17
Q

Orthopnea

A

Shortness of breath due to impaired breathing while in supine

Recommendations: client sleep in upright position

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18
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Emergency medical condition
- blocked flow of blood to heart muscle resulting in damage to the heart

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19
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain/pressure in response to exertion or at rest radiating to
- arms
- neck
- jaw
- back

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20
Q

Modifiable risk factors for cerebrovascular accident

A
  • smoking
  • hypertension
  • diabetes Mellitus
  • obesity
  • sendentary lifestyle
  • stress
  • high cholesterol
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21
Q

Nonmodifiable risk factors for cerebrovascular accident

A
  • family history
  • age (late adulthood)
  • gender
  • post-menopausal
  • history of heart disease
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22
Q

Neurological deficits associated with R hemisphere dysfunction

A
  • L hemiparesis/hemiplegia
  • sensory impairment on L side
  • unilateral body & spatial neglect
  • visual field cut on L side
  • decreased insight into deficits
  • deficits depend on specific area of R hemisphere that is damaged
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23
Q

Neurological deficits associated with L hemisphere dysfunction

A
  • R hemiparesis/hemiplegia
  • sensory impairment on R side
  • language impairment (expressive &/or receptive aphasia)
  • bilateral motor apraxia
  • frustration
  • deficits depend on specific area of L hemisphere damaged
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24
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

Neurological condition caused by brain injury or brain malformation that occurs while brain is developing before, during, or immediately following birth, characterized by impaired:
- body movements & gross motor skills
- muscle control & tone
- muscle coordination & fine motor skills
- reflexes, posture, & balance
- oral motor functioning

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25
Q

Down syndrome

A

Genetic disorder associated with chromosome 21
- characterized by mild to moderate intellectual disability
- physical developmental delay
- low muscle tone
- characteristic facial features

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26
Q

Diaphoreses

A

sweating, especially to an unusual degree as a symptom of disease or a side effect of a drug.

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27
Q

Emergent awareness

A

Difficulty or inability to recognize & correct errors in performance

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28
Q

Selective attention

A

the processes that allow an individual to select and focus on particular input for further processing while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information

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29
Q

Constructional disorder

A

Difficulty/inability to assemble separate parts to build an end-product

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30
Q

Autism spectrum disorder

A

Neurodevelopmental disorder with symptoms including
- social dysfunction
- stereotypical behavior patterns
- perseverative thoughts or interests
- sensory processing deficits
- executive dysfunction

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31
Q

Developmental dyspraxia

A

Neurodevelopmental disorder (also called developmental coordination disorder)

  • clumsiness and poor coordination
  • motor planning deficits
  • learning difficulties
  • perceptual difficulties (visual and motor)
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32
Q

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

Neurobehavioral disorder
- inattention
- restlessness
- impulsivity
- emotional dysregulation
- sensory processing
- social immaturity

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33
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

Congenital birth defect secondary to gestational exposure to alcohol resulting in mild to severe impairment in one or more of these developmental areas
- physical
- cognitive
- social
- behavioral

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34
Q

Torticollis

A

Dystonic disorder either congenital or acquired: defined by abnormal, asymmetrical head or neck position

Interventions:
- ROM exercises
- positioning
- environmental adaptations

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35
Q

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

A

Mood disorder
- persistent low mood
- anhedonia
- changes in sleeping/appetite
- decreased energy
- feelings of hopelessness

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36
Q

Bipolar disorders

A

Mood condition that manifests as manic, depressive, or mixed episodes:

  • type I = primarily manic
  • type II = primarily depressive
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37
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A
  • less severe form of bipolar disorder
  • duration of symptoms does not meet criteria of major maniac or depressive disorder
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38
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Psychotic thought disorder with altered sense of reality
- hallucinations and delusions
- disturbance in thinking and behavior
- emotional blunting, social isolation, cognitive changes

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39
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Emotional condition characterized by abnormal reaction, overwhelming fear, and uncontrollable thoughts resulting in physiological response impacting daily function

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40
Q

Personality disorders

A

Psychological condition
- disturbance of personality traits
- behaviors inconsistent with societal norms/expectations
- problems with interpersonal relationships

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41
Q

Addiction

A

Condition impacting personal, social, occupational functioning with physical or uncontrollable dependence on a
- substance (drug, alcohol)
- behavior (gambling)

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42
Q

Substance use disorder

A

Individual reliant on use of substances for non-medical purposes, leading to physical/psychological addiction

Intervention:
- cognitive behavioral therapy
- 12 step programs
- recovery programs
- pharmacology

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43
Q

Eating disorders

A

Serious emotional and physical disorders including extreme preoccupation with food, body image, and weight

Intervention:
- cognitive behavioral therapy
- group therapy’
- family therapy

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44
Q

Anorexia nervous

A

Eating disorder
- fear of gaining weight
- inability to maintain adequate nutritional intake due to distorted perception of body weight and body image

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45
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

Eating disorder
- fear of gaining weight
- binge eating followed by purging (vomiting, use of laxatives/diuretics) secondary to excessive concern about body weight

46
Q

Binge eating disorder

A

Eating disorder
- excessive intake and weight gain
- maladaptive coping mechanism to deal with stress, anxiety, and/or depression

47
Q

Hallucination

A

Perceived sensory experiences (visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and somatic) without an actual stimulus, may be associated with psychosis, schizophrenia, or brain injury

48
Q

delusion

A

False & unfounded belief contrary to the reality of the situation/environment

  • may be symptom in schizophrenia
49
Q

Perseveration

A

Thinking/talking about the same thing repeatedly without ability to independently redirect

  • may occur following brain injury or cognitive dysfunction
50
Q

Obsession

A

Persistent, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts that create feelings of urgency and anxiety

  • psychological state commonly seen in OCD
51
Q

Compulsion

A

Repetitive behaviors performed in response to obsessive thoughts used to minimize anxiety

  • psychological state commonly seen in OCD
52
Q

Depersonalization

A

DSM-5 classification of dissociative disorders characterized by

  • retreating into a dreamy world with unrealistic feelings
  • impaired self-awareness
  • disconnecting from the physical being
53
Q

Splitting

A

Strain between therapist-client relationship and/or interprofessional team members where staff response to manipulative behaviors of a client include
- blurring professional boundaries
- creating team division

54
Q

Affective instability

A

Emotional state commonly seen in borderline personality disorder characterized by rapid mood swings usually between negative emotions such as
- anger
- anxiety
- depression

55
Q

Self-mutilation

A

Maladaptive coping mechanism to express feelings, includes intentional acts of self-injurious behaviors of
- burning
- cutting
- pricking
- scratching

56
Q

Restlessness

A

Neurobehavioral impairment
- results in decreased ability to remain still/relax

57
Q

Irritability

A

Neurobehavioral impairment
- results in feelings of agitation or annoyance

58
Q

Emotional lability

A

Neurobehavioral impairment
- rapid change in mood often disproportionate to circumstances or expected emotion

59
Q

Frustration

A
  • emotional response results in resistance to participate in activity and provokes desire to stop engagement in an activity
60
Q

Confabulation

A

Memory impairment that causes individual to share false details of situations, memories of past events, or personal information without intention to deceive

61
Q

Apathy

A

Lack of interest in purposeful activities or events in the environment

  • associated with impairment in prefrontal cortex
62
Q

Cognitive flexibility

A

Component of executive functioning that involves ability to think about various ideas simultaneously and switch between different ideas

63
Q

Expected functional outcome: SCI levels C1-C3

A
  • ventilator dependent
  • total physical assistance for BADL and IADL
  • able to direct care needs
64
Q

Expected functional outcome: SCI level C4

A
  • initially ventilator dependent, progress to breathing independently with reduced vital capacity
  • total physical assistance for BADL and IADL
  • able to direct care needs
  • power wheelchair with adaptations for independence in mobility
  • total assistance for bed mobility and transfers
65
Q

Expected functional outcome: SCI level C5

A
  • independent respiratory function with reduced vital capacity; may need assistance for productive cough
  • total assistance for bowel/bladder management
  • independent self-feeding with adaptive devices
  • assistance for grooming with adaptive devices
  • total assistance for bathing
66
Q

Expected functional outcome: SCI level C6

A
  • independent respiratory function with reduced vital capacity; may need assistance for productive cough
  • min to total assistance for bowel/bladder management with adaptive devices
  • may need some assistance for basic ADL, transfers, bed mobility with adaptive devices & outdoor WC propulsion in manual WC
  • total assistance for standing
67
Q

Expected functional outcome: SCI level C7-T1

A
  • independent respiratory function
  • assistance for bowel management
  • MI for basic ADL
  • some assistance for standing
  • MI for bed mobility & transfer
  • independent driving with modifications
68
Q

Expected functional outcome: SCI level T2-T12

A
  • independent to MI for basic ADL
  • MI for bowel/bladder management
  • MI for bed mobility, transfer, standing
  • independent WC mobility
69
Q

Expected functional outcome: SCI level L1-L5

A
  • independent in ADL & bed mobility
  • ambulate with assistive devices
  • may use WC for distance; independent with loading/unloading from vehicle
  • independent driving with hand controls
70
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

Autoimmune, chronic, inflammatory disease associated with synovitis of the joints
- acute pain, erythema, swelling during disease exacerbation
- symmetrical joint involvement
- chronic pain secondary to progressive joint damage
- prolonged morning stiffness lasting up to 1-2 hours
- swan neck & Boutonniere deformities
- wrist radial deviation & MP ulnar deviation

71
Q

Boutonnière deformity

A

Joint deformity consisting of
- PIP flexion, DIP hyperextension

Associated with RA and PIP joint trauma

Interventions:
- fabrication of orthosis to support PIP in extension while allowing DIP movement

72
Q

Swan neck deformity

A

PIP hyperextension, DIP flexion

Associated with RA and tendon trauma

Intervention
- tri-point orthosis to prevent PIP hyperextension

73
Q

Mallet finger

A

Inability to extend DIP joint due to rupture at distal end of extensor tendon

Intervention
- static orthosis to maintain DIP in extension

74
Q

Ulnar drift

A

Hand deformity where MCP joints deviate to ulnar side, associated with RA
- intensified by functional activities requiring power grasp & lateral pinch

75
Q

Trigger finger

A

Catching/locking of digit due to inflammation/thickening of flexor tendon sheath during grasping activities

76
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Pain, numbness, parenthesia in thumb, index, and ring fingers associated with median nerve compression w/symptoms often waking client from sleep

conservative intervention
- activity modification
- orthotic positioning
- neural gliding exercises
- ergonomic education

77
Q

Cubical tunnel syndrome

A

Pain, numbness, parethesia in ring and small fingers due to ulnar nerve compression at the elbow
- symptoms associated with direct compression of the nerve or repetitive or sustained flexing at the elbow beyond 90 degrees

Conservative intervention
- activity modification
- orthotic positioning
- neural gliding exercises
- ergonomic education

78
Q

Lateral epicondylitis

A

Pain/tenderness at supracondylar ridge of elbow, associated with irritation at origin of extensor carpi radialis breves (ECRB) tendon (tennis elbow)

Conservative treatment
- activity modification & ergonomic education
- orthotic bracing/positioning
- transverse friction massage
- stretching exercises

79
Q

Brachial plexus injury

A

UE nerve injury w/signs/symptoms impacting arm, hand, or wrist depending on severity, mechanism, & anatomical location of injury
- loss of sensation/numbness
- decreased shoulder ROM
- weakness/paralysis
- pain

80
Q

Axillary nerve injury

A

Peripheral nerve injury
- hyperesthesia on lateral aspect of shoulder
- weakness of deltoid & teres minor

81
Q

Long thoracic nerve injury

A

Peripheral nerve injury
- weakness in serratus anterior
- winging of scapula

82
Q

Classification of peripheral nerve injuries

A
  • neuropraxia (1st degree)
  • axonotmesis (2nd degree)
  • neurotmesis (3rd degree)
83
Q

Neuropraxia

A

Seddon’s classification of a nerve compression
- disruption of the myelin and spontaneous recovery expected

Interventions:
- pain relief
- orthotic positioning
- A/AA/PROM exercises
- activity modification
- patient education

84
Q

Axonotmesis

A

Seddon’s classification of a nerve compression that recovers spontaneously, more severe compared to neuropraxia
- axon & myelin sheath disruption occurs
- endoneurium remains intact
- valerian regeneration occurs during healin

Interventions same as neuropraxia

85
Q

Neurotmesis

A

Seddon’s classification of a completely severed nerve where recovery will not occur unless surgically repaired

Interventions:
- pain relief
- orthotic positioning
- controlled motion exercises & neural gliding exercises
- scar & edema management
- compensatory techniques
- patient education

86
Q

Complex regional pain syndrome

A

Disorder of sympathetic nervous system
- triggered by surgery/trauma
Results in pseudomotor and vasomotor changes & disproportionate pain beyond region of surgery/injury

Three characteristic stages:
- stage 1: traumatic stage
- stage 2: dystrophic stage
- stage 3: atrophic stage

87
Q

Complex regional pain syndrome: stage 1

A

Traumatic stage of CRPS that lasts up to 3 months

  • extreme pain with/without movement
  • decreased AROM
  • hypersensitivity to light touch or deep pressure
  • pitting Dede a
  • blotchy-looking skin discoloration
  • shiny skin appearance
  • skin temperature fluctuation
88
Q

Complex regional pain syndrome: stage II

A

Dystrophic stage of CRPS, lasts 6-9 months after injury/trauma
- extreme pain with/without movement
- hypersensitivity to light touch or deep pressure
- brawny edema
- skin redness & warmth to touch
- bony demineralization
- muscle atrophy
- joint contractures

89
Q

Complex regional pain syndrome: stage III

A

Atrophic stage of CRPS, lasts several years or more after injury or trauma
- decrease in pain intensity
- irreversible changes in skin & joints
- persistent edema- unresponsive to intervention
- bony demineralization
- severe muscle atrophy
- joint contractures

90
Q

DeQuervain’s tenosynovitis

A

Inflammation of abductor pollicis longs & extensor pollicis breves, resulting in pain, crepitation, & swelling over radial styloid
- positive finklestein’s test

Conservative intervention
- activity modification
- orthotic position
- tendon gliding exercises
- ergonomic education

91
Q

Claw-hand deformity

A

Secondary to ulnar nerve injury
- atrophy of hypothener eminence
hyperextension of MCP joints
- flexion of IP joins & 4th & 5th digits

Intervention:
- orthotic positioning to prevent overstretching of intrinsic muscles by restricting MCP joint hyperextension

92
Q

Ape hand deformity

A

Secondary to median nerve injury in proximal forearm or at wrist
- presents with atrophy of thenar eminence
- inability to abduct & oppose thumb

Intervention
- orthotic positioning to maintain palmar abduction & opposition

93
Q

Spinal stenosis

A

Narrowing of intervertebral foramen often compressing the nerve as it exits the spinal column
- pain
- paresthesia
- muscle weakness
- sensory changes

94
Q

Spondylosis

A

Degenerative process in the spine, typically associated with osteoarthritis
- pain
- neurological changes
- motor impairment

95
Q

Kyphosis

A

Excessive posterior curvature of the spine

96
Q

Lordosis

A

Excessive anterior curvature of the spine

97
Q

Scoliosis

A

Sideways curvature of the vertebral column (the spine)

98
Q

Compression fracture

A

Vertebral column collapse
- decreased bone density
- trauma from vertical force
- spinal tumors
- infection

99
Q

Transfemoral amputation

A

LE amputation (above knee amputation)
- resulting from either surgical or traumatic removal of LE above the knee

100
Q

Classification of UE amputations

A

Used to classify level of congenital deficiency or traumatic loss of upper limb
- interscapular
- shoulder disarticularion
- transhumeral (long/short)
- elbow disarticulation
- transracial (long/short)
- wrist disarticulation
- transmetacarpal

101
Q

Phantom limb

A

Following amputation, experience of feeling part of the limb that is no longer present

Intervention:
- mirror therapy
- early preparatory techniques for use of prosthetic
- education and support

102
Q

Phantom sensation

A

Following amputation, experience of perceiving sensory input from residual limb that is no longer present
- may include constant or intermittent itching, pain, or burning

103
Q

Synovectomy

A

Surgical procedure to remove synovial membrane that lines a joint

104
Q

Osteotomy

A

Surgical procedure to change the length or position of a bone

105
Q

Resection

A

Surgical procedure to remove pathological tissue, bone, or organ

106
Q

Arthrodesis

A

Surgical procedure to fuse a joint

107
Q

Arthroplasty

A

Surgical procedure to rebuild/replace a synovial joint

108
Q

Arthroscopy

A

Endoscopic surgical procedure to examine & treat joint injuries

109
Q

Aphasia

A

Receptive and/or expressive language impairment secondary to a brain lesion

Broca’s, Wernicke’s, global, atomic, conduction, or transcortical

110
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon

A

condition that causes the blood vessels in the extremities to narrow, restricting blood flow

  • usually affects fingers and toes
111
Q

Dysphasia

A

Impairment in production of speech resulting from brain disease or damage

112
Q

Ataxia

A

Abnormal movement pattern secondary to cerebellar lesion, resulting in lack of smooth-coordinated muscle movements

Behavioral manifestations
- slurred speech (dysarthria)
- difficulty with alternating movements (dysdiadochokinesia)
- staggering gait (ataxic gait)
- swallowing difficulties (dysphagia)
- overshooting/undershooting during reach (dysmetria)

NBCOT (17 decks)

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