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Step 1 AB > Random Micro Things that are annoying > Flashcards

Random Micro Things that are annoying Flashcards

1
Q

Media used for H. influenzae culture

A

Chocolate agar

-Requires Factors V (NAD) and X (Hematin)

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2
Q

Media used for N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis culture

A

Thayer-Martin agar (VCN)

  • Vancomycin: inhibits gram pos organisms
  • Colistin: inhibits gram neg except Neisseria
  • Nystatin: inhibits fungi
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3
Q

Media used for B. pertussis culture

A

Bordet-Gengou agar (Bordet for Bordetella)

Regan-Lowe medium (contains charcoal, blood, Abx)

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4
Q

Media used for C. diptheriae culture

A

Cystine-Tellurite agar

Loffler medium

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5
Q

Media used for M. tuberculosis culture

A

Lowenstein-Jensen agar

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6
Q

Media used for M. pneumoniae culture

A

Eaton agar (requires cholesterol)

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7
Q

Media used for Lactose-fermenting enterics culture)

A

MacConkey agar (colonies turn pink)

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8
Q

Media used for E. coli culture

A

Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar

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9
Q

Media used for Legionella culture

A

Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron

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10
Q

Media used for Fungi culture

A

Sabouraud agar (Sab’s a fun guy)

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11
Q

Spirochetes

A

Borrelia
Leptospira
Treponema

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12
Q

No cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

Ureaplasma

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13
Q

Pleomorphic

A

Chlamydiae

Rickettsiae

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14
Q

Which bugs don’t gram stain well and why?

A

Treponema - too thin to be seen
Mycobacteria - high lipid content; mycelia acids in cell wall detected by carbolfuchsin in acid fast stan
Mycoplasma - no cell wall
Legionella - primarily intracellular
Rickettsia - intracellular parasite
Chalmydia - intracellular parasite; lacks classic peptidoglycan because of low muramic acid

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15
Q

Silver stain

A

Legionella, Fungi (pneumocystis), Helicobacter pylori

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16
Q

India ink

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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17
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuchsin) stain

A

Acid-fast bacteria (Nocardia, Mycobacteria)

Protozoa (Cryptosporidium oocysts)

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18
Q

Alternative to Ziehl-Neelsen stain

A

Auramine-Rhodamine stain

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19
Q

PAS (periodic acid Schiff stain)

A

Stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides, used to diagnose Whipple disease (Tropheryma whipplei)

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20
Q

Giemsa stain (Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience)

A 
Chlamydia
Borrelia
Rickettsia
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
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21
Q

Which bacteria has the following?

a. Antiphagocytic capsule
b. Hypervariable pili
c. IgG binding outer membrane protein
d. Intracellular polyphosphate granules

A

a. Strep pneumo, H. influenzae, Neisseria
b. Neisseria meningitidis AND gonorrhea
c. Staph aureus (Protein A)
d. Corynebacterium diptheriae (evident with methylene blue stain)

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22
Q

Obligate Aerobes (Naggy Pests Must Breathe)

A 
Nocardia
Pseudomonas
MycoBacterium tb (predilection for apices of lung which have highest pO2)
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23
Q

Obligate Anaerobes (Frankly Can’t Breathe Air)

A

Fusobacterium
Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces

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24
Q

Properties of Anaerobes

A

Lack catalase and/or superoxide disputes so they are susceptible to oxidative damage

  • Generally foul smelling (short chain fatty acids) and difficult to culture
  • Produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2)
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25
Which antibiotic is ineffective against anaerobes? Why?
AminOglycOsides --> they require O2 to enter into bacterial cell
26
Obligate intracellular bugs (stay inside, it's Really CHilly COld)
Rickettsia Chalmydia Coxiella -ALL rely on host ATP
27
Facultative intracellular bugs
Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia pestis
28
Encapsulated bacteria (SHiNE SKiS) + P
``` Strep pneumo H. influenzae Neisseria E. coli Salmonella Klebsiella Group B strep AND PSEUDOMONAS ```
29
How are encapsulated bacteria cleared?
Opsonized and cleared by spleen
30
Which bacteria have conjugate vaccines?
PCV (pneumococcal conjugate) H influenzae type B Meningococcal
31
Urease positive (CHubby PUNKSS)
``` Cryptococcus H pylori Proteus Ureaplasma Nocardia Klebsiella S. epidermidis S. saprophyticus ```
32
Catalase positive organisms (Cats Need PLACESS)
``` Nocardia Pseudomonas Listeria Aspergillus Candida E. coli Staphylococci Serratia ```
33
Abscesses commonly caused by?
Catalase + organisms
34
Bacteria that produce yellow sulfur granules
Actinomyces
35
Bacteria with yellow pigment
Staph aureus
36
Bacteria with blue green pigment
Pseudomonas
37
Bacteria with red pigment
Serratia marcescens
38
Which organisms have IgA protease and what does it do?
Strep pneumo, H influenzae and Neisseria --> cleaves IgA so that they can colonize respiratory mucosa
39
Which bacteria have type III secretion system?
Pseudomonas Salmonella Shigella E. coli
40
Toxin produced by bacteria and released
Exotoxin (gram + and -)
41
Location of exotoxin genes
Plasmid or bacteriophage
42
Are exotoxins and endotoxins heat stable?
Exotoxin - destroyed rapidly at 60 degrees celsius (except staph enterotoxin) Endotoxin - stable at 100 degrees celsius for 1 hour
43
Corynebacterium diphtheria toxin
Exotoxin that inactivates elongation factor 2 --> pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in throat and severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck) -Similar to Pseudomonas toxin
44
Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin
Exotoxin A --> inactivates EF2 --> host cell death | -Similar to C. diphtheria toxin
45
Shigella toxin
Shiga toxin --> inactivates 60s ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA--> inhibits protein synthesis --> GI mucosal damage causes dysentery and ST also enhances cytokine release causing HUS
46
E. coli (EHEC) toxin
Shiga-like toxin (SLT) --> inactivates 60s ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA --> stops protein synthesis --> enhances cytokine release causing HUS (DOES NOT INVADE HOST CELLS LIKE SHIGELLA)
47
E. coli (ETEC) toxin
1. Heat labile (LT) --> overactivates adenylate cyclase to increase cAMP --> increase Cl secretion in gut and water efflux 2. Heat stable (ST) --> overactivates guanylate cyclase to increase cGMP --> decrease resorption of NaCl and H20 in gut
48
Bacillus anthracis toxin
Edema toxin --> mimics adenylate cyclase enzyme to increase cAMP and causes edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax
49
Vibrio cholerae toxin
Cholera toxin --> overactivates adenylate cyclase to increase cAMP by permanently activating Gs --> increases Cl secretion in gut and water efflux --> rice water diarrhea
50
Bordetella pertussis toxin
Overactivates adenylate cyclase (increases cAMP) by disabling Gi --> impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe --> whooping cough
51
Clostridium tetani toxin
Tetanospasmin --> protease that cleaves SNARE --> prevents release of inhibitory (GABA and glycine) neurotransmitters from Renshaw cells in spinal cord
52
Clostridium botulinum toxin
--> protease the cleaves SNARE to prevent release of stimulatory Ach signals at neuromuscular junction --> flaccid paralysis
53
Clostridium perfringens toxin
Alpha toxin --> phospholipase (lecithinase) that degrades tissue and cell membranes --> degradation of phospholipids --> myonecrosis and hemolysis
54
Streptococcus pyogenes toxin
Streptolysin O -->protein that degrades cell membrane --> lyses RBCs (host antibodies against toxin can be used to diagnose acute rheumatic fever)
55
Staph aureus toxin
Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST1) --> binds to MHCII and TCR outside of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IL1, IL2, IFNy and TNFalpha --> shock
56
Strep pyogenes toxin
Exotoxin A --> binds to MHC II and TCR outside of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IL1, IL2, IFNy and TNFalpha --> shock
57
Actions of endotoxin (esp Lipid A)
``` Edema (C3a) Nitric oxide (hypotension) DIC/Death (activates tissue factor) Outer membrane TNF-alpha (fever and hypotension) O-antigen eXtremely heat stable IL-1 (fever) Neutrophil chemotaxis (C5a) ```
58
What is transformation?
Ability to take up NAKED DNA from environment (also known as competence)
59
Which bacteria can undergo transformation?
Strep pneumo H. influenzae type B Neisseria
60
How does adding deoxyribonuclease to environment affect transformation?
Deoxyribonucleases degrade DNA and there is no transformation
61
What are F+ bacteria?
F+ plasmid contains genes required for sex pilus and conjugation
62
What are F- bacteria?
Bacteria without the plasmid (conjugation)
63
What is F+ x F- conjugation?
The sex pilus on the F+ bacterium contacts the F- bacterium and a single strand of plasmid DNA is transferred across the conjugal bridge NO TRANSFER OF CHROMOSOMAL DNA
64
What is Hfr x F- conjugation?
F+ plasmid can become incorporated into bacterial chromosome (high frequency recombination = Hfr) --> replication of incorporated plasmid DNA may include some flanking chromosomal DNA so there is transfer of plasmid AND chromosomal DNA (unlike F+ x F-)
65
What is transposition?
Segment of DNA (transposon) that can jump from one location to another and transfer genes from plasmid to chromosome and vice versa
66
What is generalized transduction?
A packaging event --> a lytic phage (virus) infects bacterium leading to cleavage of bacterial DNA --> parts of the bacterial chromosomal DNA may become packaged in viral capsid --> phage infects another bacterium and transfers these genes
67
What is specialized transduction?
Excision event where lysogenic phage infects bacterium and viral DNA incorporates into bacterial chromosome --> when phage DNA is excised the flanking bacterial genes may be excised with it --> the DNA is packaged into phage viral capsid and can infect another bacterium
68
Which bacterial toxin genes are encoded as lysogenic phage? (ABCDE)
``` shiga A like toxin Botulinum toxin Cholera toxin Diptheria toxin Erythrogenic toxin of Streptococcus pyogenes ```

Step 1 AB (29 decks)

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