Neuro Flashcards
a. Which part of the CNS/PNS originates from mesoderm?
b. Which part originates from neural crest?
a. Microglia
b. PNS neurons, Schwann cells
Why would Acetylcholinesterase be elevated from neural tube defects?
The fetal AchE in CSF transudates across defect in amniotic fluid
Anencephaly associations
Maternal type 1 diabetes
Decreased maternal folate
Holoprosencephaly mutation signaling
Mutation in sonic hedgehog pathway
Which conditions is holoprosencephaly seen in?
Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) Fetal alcohol syndrome
What sensation is lost with Syringomyelia?
Cape-like bilateral loss of PAIN and TEMP sensation in upper extremities
Syringomyelia associations
Chiari malformations
Trauma
Tumors
Which muscle elevates posterior tongue during swallowing? Innervated by?
Palatoglossus innervated by CN X
What is a Wallerian degeneration? What does this allow for?
When there is injury to axon there is degeneration distal to injury and axonal retraction proximally that allows for potential regeneration of axon (if in PNS)
Which axons are unmyelinated?
Autonomic post ganglionic
Afferent heat sensation
Afferent slow burning pain
1st order bipolar olfaction nerves
Role of Schwann cells
Myelinate ONE PNS axon
Promote axonal regeneration
Location of acoustic neuromas
Internal acoustic meatus
Which cell is injured in MS, PML and leukodystrophies?
Oligodendroglia
Where are Meissner corpuscles located? What do they sense?
Glabrous (hairless) skin - senses dynamic, light touch, position sense
Where are Merkel discs located? What do they sense?
Finger tips, superficial skin - senses pressure, deep static touch (shapes, edges), position sense
Which sensory receptors adapt quickly?
Which adapt slowly?
Meissner corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles adapt quickly
Merkel discs and Ruffini corpuscles adapt slowly
What is synthesized in Locus ceruleus?
NE
What is synthesized in Ventral tegmentum and substantial nigra pars compacta? (Midbrain)
Dopamine
What is synthesized in Raphe nuclei of pons, medulla and midbrain?
Serotonin (5-HT)
What is synthesized in Basal nucleus of Meynert?
Ach - Basal nucleus of Meynert degenerates in Alzheimers
What is synthesized in nucleus accumbens?
GABA
Which areas of brain don’t have blood brain barrier?
This allows molecules in blood to affect brain function or neurosecretory products to enter circulation
Area postrema - vomiting after chemo
OVLT - osmotic sensing
Neurohypophysis - ADH release
How do infarction and neoplasm affect the blood brain barrier?
They destroy the endothelial cell tight junctions –> this leads to vasogenic edema
Where is area postrema located? Important for what?
Located in dorsal medulla at caudal end of 4th ventricle