Random ch 4 Flashcards
Bipolar disorder
is characterized by cycles of depression and manic episodes, which may manifest as grandiose thinking and behavior, rapid thoughts, hyperactivity, or impulsive agitation
Pseudoparkinsonism:
Pseudoparkinsonism: Symptoms of pseudoparkinsonism—tremor, shuffling gait, drooling, rigidity—may appear 1 to 5 days following initiation of antipsychotic medication. This side effect occurs most often in women, the elderly, and dehydrated clients.
Akinesia
Akinesia: Absence or impairment in voluntary movement.
Akathisia
Akathisia: Continuous restlessness and fidgeting, or akathisia, occurs most often in women and may manifest 50 to 60 days after therapy begins. Combining atypical antipsychotics has demonstrated a three-fold risk for developing akathisia compared with monotherapy with a single second generation antipsychotic
Dystonia
Dystonia: This side effect—involuntary muscle spasms in the face, arms, legs, and neck—occurs most often in men and those younger than age 25. Dystonia should be treated as an emergency because laryngospasm follows these symptoms and can be fatal. The physician should be contacted, and intravenous or intramuscular benztropine mesylate (Cogentin) is commonly administered
Oculogyric crisis
Oculogyric crisis: Uncontrolled rolling back of the eyes, or oculogyric crisis, is a symptom of acute dystonia and can be mistaken for seizure activity. As with other symptoms of acute dystonia, this side effect should be treated as a medical emergency.
Tardive dyskinesia
Tardive dyskinesia: This extrapyramidal side effect involves bizarre face and tongue movements, stiff neck, and difficulty swallowing. It may occur with all classifications but most commonly takes place with typical antipsychotics. All clients receiving antipsychotic therapy for months or years are at risk. Symptoms are potentially irreversible.
summary of chapter
■ Psychotropic medications are intended to be used as adjunctive therapy to individual or group psychotherapy.
Summary Antianxiety meds
■ Antianxiety agents are used in the treatment of anxiety disorders and to alleviate acute anxiety symptoms. Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used group. They are CNS depressants and have the potential for physical and psychological dependence. They should not be discontinued abruptly following long-term use because they can produce a life-threatening withdrawal syndrome. The most common side effects are drowsiness, confusion, and lethargy.
summary antidepressants
■ Antidepressants elevate mood and alleviate other symptoms associated with moderate-to-severe depression. These drugs work by increasing the concentration of norepinephrine, serotonin, or dopamine in the body.
summary antidepressants
■ The tricyclics and related drugs accomplish their effects by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine at the neuron.
MAOI
■ Another group of antidepressants inhibits MAO, an enzyme that is known to inactivate norepinephrine and serotonin. They are called MAOIs.
esketamine nasal spray
■ Esketamine nasal spray is a novel treatment for treatment-resistant depression that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist. How it exerts antidepressant effects is unknown.
Summary Antidepressant
■ Antidepressant medications may take up to 2 weeks before desired effects are noticed and may take up to 4 weeks to produce full therapeutic benefits. The most common side effects are anticholinergic effects, sedation, and orthostatic hypotension. They can also reduce the seizure threshold. MAOIs can cause a hypertensive crisis if food or other products containing tyramine are consumed while taking these medications.
Lithium carbonate
■ Lithium carbonate is widely used as a mood-stabilizing agent. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it is thought to enhance the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain, thereby lowering the levels in the body, resulting in decreased hyperactivity. The most common side effects are dry mouth, gastrointestinal upset, polyuria, and weight gain.
