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Ch 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychobiology

A

The study of the biological foundations of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes.

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2
Q

Límbic system

A

*The limbic system consists of medially placed cortical and subcortical structures and the fiber tracts connecting them with one another and with the hypothalamus. It is sometimes called the “emotional brain”—associated with feelings of fear and anxiety; anger and aggression; love, joy, and hope; and with sexuality and social behavior.

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulation of the pituitary gland

Direct neural control over the actions of the autonomic nervous system

Regulation of appetite, temperature, and thirst:

Regulation of blood pressure:

Circadian rhythms (sleep and wakefulness cycles):

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4
Q

Limbic structures

A

amygdala, mammillary body, olfactory tract, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus, septum pellucidum, thalamus, hippocampus, and fornix, which, through communication with the hypothalamus, control several autonomic, endocrine, and somatic functions. This system has been called the “emotional brain” because of its association with feelings of fear and anxiety; anger, rage, and aggression; love, joy, and hope; and with sexuality and social behavior. The amygdala seems to be a primary gateway for processing novel and ambiguous emotional stimuli, particularly related to fear, anxiety, and panic. As our knowledge of the complex interconnections within the brain has advanced, it has become more difficult to identify clear boundaries for the limbic system.

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5
Q

Function of Acetylcholine

A

Functions: Sleep, arousal, pain perception, movement, memory

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6
Q

Effect of decreased acetylcholine

A

Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease

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7
Q

Increased acetylcholine

A

Depression

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8
Q

Which Neurotransmitters are Monoamines

A

NorEpinephrine
Dopamine
Seratonin
Histamine

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9
Q

Function of NE

A

Mood, cognition, perception, locomotion, cardiovascular functioning, and sleep and arousal

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10
Q

Decreased NE

A

Depression

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11
Q

Increased NE

A

Mania, anxiety states, schizophrenia

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12
Q

Function of Dopamine

A

Movement and coordination, emotions, voluntary judgment, release of prolactin

Determination
Obsession
Pleasure

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13
Q

Decreased dopamine has what possible implication?

A

Parkinson’s disease and depression

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14
Q

Increase dopamine

A

Mania and schizophrenia

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15
Q

Function of Seratonin

A

Sleep and arousal, libido, appetite, mood, aggression, pain perception, coordination, judgment

Sleep
Emotion/eat
Remember

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16
Q

Increase Seratonin

A

Anxiety states (there are seven different types of serotonin receptors, increased levels of some serotonin subtypes [5HT1A] have an antianxiety effect, and increased levels of others [5HT3] may increase anxiety

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17
Q

decreased Seratonin

A

Depression

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18
Q

Function of histamine

A

Wakefulness; pain sensation and inflammatory response

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19
Q

Increased histamine

A

Sleep disorders, anxiety, Alzheimer’s disease, psychosis

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20
Q

Decreased histamine

A

Depression

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21
Q

Which NTs are Amino Acids

A

Gamma- amino butyric acid (GABA)- inhibitory
Gylcine - inhibitory
Glutamate and Aspartate- excitatory
D-Serine -excitatory

22
Q

Function of GABA

A

Slowing of body Activity.

23
Q

Decreased levels of GABa

A

Huntington’s disease, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and various forms of epilepsy

24
Q

Function of Glycine

A

Recurrent inhibition of motor neurons

25
Q

Effects of unbalanced Gylcine

A

Toxic levels: Glycine encephalopathy
Decreased levels: Correlated with spastic motor movements

26
Q

Function of Glutamate and Aspartate

A

Relay of sensory information and regulation of various motor and spinal reflexes; glutamate also has a role in memory and learning

27
Q

Increase glutamate and Aspartate

A

Huntington’s disease, temporal lobe epilepsy, spinal cerebellar degeneration, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders

28
Q

Decreased glutamate and Aspartate

A

Schizophrenia

29
Q

Function of D-serine

A

Binds at NMDA receptors and, with glutamate, is a coagonist whose functions include mediating NMDA receptor transmission, synaptic plasticity, neurotoxicity

30
Q

Decreased levels of D-serine

A

Schizophrenia

31
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Endorphins and enkephalins
Substance P
Somatostatin

32
Q

Function of Endorphins and enkephalins

A

Modulation of pain and reduced peristalsis (enkephalins)

33
Q

Fluctuations in Endorphins and enkephalins

A

Modulation of dopamine activity by opioid peptides may indicate some link to the symptoms of schizophrenia

34
Q

Function substance P

A

Regulate pain

35
Q

Fluctuations in substance p

A

Decreased levels: Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease
Increased levels: Depression

36
Q

Function of somatostatin

A

Depending on part of the brain affected, stimulates release of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine and inhibits release of norepinephrine, histamine, and glutamate; also acts as a neuromodulator for serotonin in the hypothalamus

37
Q

Fluctuations in somatostatin

A

Decreased levels: Alzheimer’s disease
Increased levels: Huntington’s disease

38
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

The study of the relationship between the immune system, the nervous system, and psychological processes such as thinking and behavior.

39
Q

Schizophrenia predisposition and NT

A

NT: Dopamine hyperactivity; decreased glutamate

Hormone: Decreased prolactin levels

Circadian rhythm: May correlate antipsychotic medication administration to times of lowest level

Genetic link: Twin, familial, and adoption studies suggest genetic link

40
Q

Depressive disorders

NT/Hormone causes

A

NT’s Decreased levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin; increased glutamate

Hormones: Increased cortisol levels; thyroid hormone hyposecretion; increased melatonin

Circadian rhythm: DST* used to predict effectiveness of antidepressants; melatonin linked to depression during periods of darkness

Twin, familial, and adoption studies suggest a genetic link

41
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Increased levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in acute mania

Some indication of elevated thyroid hormones in acute mania

Abnormal circadian rhythms have been associated with bipolar disorder

Twin, familial, and adoption studies suggest a genetic link

42
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Increased levels of norepinephrine; decreased GABA activity

Elevated levels of thyroid hormones

May have some application for times of medication administration

Twin and familial studies suggest a genetic link

43
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Decreased levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

Decreased levels of gonadotropins and growth hormone; increased cortisol levels

DST often shows same results as in depression

Twin and familial studies suggest a genetic link

44
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

Decreased levels of serotonin

Increased cortisol levels

DST often shows same results as in depression

Twin studies suggest a possible genetic link

45
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Decreased levels of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and somatostatin

Decreased corticotropin-releasing hormone

Decreased levels of acetylcholine and serotonin may inhibit hypothalamic-pituitary axis and interfere with hormonal releasing factors

Familial studies suggest a genetic predisposition; late-onset disorder linked to marker on chromosome 19; early-onset disorder linked to chromosomes 21, 14, and 1

46
Q

Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology:

A

The structure and functioning of the various parts of the brain and their correlation to human behavior and psychopathology

■Neuronal processes: The various functions of the nerve cells, including the role of neurotransmitters, receptors, synaptic activity, and information pathways

■Neuroendocrinology: The interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems and the role that the endocrine glands and their respective hormones play in behavioral functioning

■Circadian rhythms: The regulation of biochemical functioning over periods of rhythmic cycles and its influence in predicting certain behaviors

■Genetic influences: The hereditary factors that predispose individuals to certain psychiatric disorders

■Psychoneuroimmunology: The influence of stress on the immune system and its role in the susceptibility to illness

■Psychopharmacology: The increasing use of psychotropic drugs in the treatment of mental illness, demanding greater knowledge of psychopharmacological principles and nursing interventions necessary for safe and effective management

■Diagnostic technology: The imaging and other technological procedures for identifying alterations in brain structure and function associated with mental illness

47
Q

Neuronal processes:

A

The various functions of the nerve cells, including the role of neurotransmitters, receptors, synaptic activity, and information pathways

48
Q

■Neuroendocrinology:

A

The interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems and the role that the endocrine glands and their respective hormones play in behavioral functioning

49
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

The regulation of biochemical functioning over periods of rhythmic cycles and its influence in predicting certain behaviors

50
Q

Genetic Influences

A

The hereditary factors that predispose individuals to certain psychiatric disorders

51
Q

■Psychoneuroimmunology:

A

The influence of stress on the immune system and its role in the susceptibility to illness

52
Q

■Psychopharmacology:

A

The increasing use of psychotropic drugs in the treatment of mental illness, demanding greater knowledge of psychopharmacological principles and nursing interventions necessary for safe and effective management

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